Monday, March 16, 2020

CANDLE WAX COMBUSTION - What Happens to Candle Wax When a Candle Burns - Candle wax, also called paraffin, is composed of chains of connected carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbon molecules can burn completely. When you light a candle, wax near the wick melts into a liquid. The heat of the flame vaporizes the wax molecules and they react with the oxygen in the air. As wax is consumed, capillary action draws more liquid wax along the wick. As long as the wax doesn't melt away from the flame, the flame will consume it completely and leave no ash or wax residue. Both light and heat are radiated in all directions from a candle flame. About one-quarter of the energy from combustion is emitted as heat. The heat maintains the reaction, vaporizing wax so that it can burn, melting it to maintain the supply of fuel. The reaction ends when there is either no more fuel (wax) or when there isn't enough heat to melt the wax. It's interesting to note that even though water is released, the air often feels dry when a candle or fire is burning. This is because the increase in temperature allows air to hold more water vapor.

A burning candle
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Candle Wax Combustion
What Happens to Candle Wax When a Candle Burns
The process involves an intricate chemical reaction
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.




When you burn a candle, you end up with less wax after burning than you started with.
This is because the wax oxidizes, or burns, in the flame to yield water and carbon dioxide, which dissipate in the air around the candle in a reaction that also yields light and heat.
Candle Wax Combustion
Candle wax, also called paraffin, is composed of chains of connected carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms.
These hydrocarbon molecules can burn completely.
When you light a candle, wax near the wick melts into a liquid.
The heat of the flame vaporizes the wax molecules and they react with the oxygen in the air. As wax is consumed, capillary action draws more liquid wax along the wick.
As long as the wax doesn't melt away from the flame, the flame will consume it completely and leave no ash or wax residue.
Both light and heat are radiated in all directions from a candle flame. About one-quarter of the energy from combustion is emitted as heat.
The heat maintains the reaction, vaporizing wax so that it can burn, melting it to maintain the supply of fuel.
The reaction ends when there is either no more fuel (wax) or when there isn't enough heat to melt the wax.
Equation for Wax Combustion
The exact equation for wax combustion depends on the specific type of wax that is used, but all equations follow the same general form.
Heat initiates the reaction between a hydrocarbon and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy (heat and light).
For a paraffin candle, the balanced chemical equation is:
C25H52 + 38 O2  25 CO2 + 26 H2O
It's interesting to note that even though water is released, the air often feels dry when a candle or fire is burning. This is because the increase in temperature allows air to hold more water vapor.
You're Unlikely to Inhale Wax
When a candle is burning steadily with a teardrop-shaped flame, combustion is extremely efficient.
All that is released into the air is carbon dioxide and water.
When you first light a candle or if the candle is burning under unstable conditions, you may see the flame flicker. A flickering flame may cause the heat required for combustion to fluctuate.
If you see a wisp of smoke, that's soot (carbon) from incomplete combustion.
Vaporized wax does exist right around the flame but doesn't travel very far or last very long once the candle is extinguished.
One interesting project to try is to extinguish a candle and relight it from a distance with another flame.
If you hold a lit candle, match or lighter close to a freshly extinguished candle, you can watch the flame travel along the wax vapor trail to relight the candle.
Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
Chemistry Expert
Education
Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville
B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College
Introduction
Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville - Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Science educator with experience teaching chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels.
ThoughtCo and About Education chemistry expert since 2001.
Widely-published graphic artist, responsible for printable periodic tables and other illustrations used in science.
Experience
Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D. has covered chemistry for ThoughtCo and About Education since 2001, and other sciences since 2013. She taught chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels. She has worked as a research scientist and also abstracting and indexing diverse scientific literature for the Department of Energy.
In addition to her work as a science writer, Dr. Helmenstine currently serves as a scientific consultant, specializing in problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Previously, she worked as a research scientist and college professor.
Education
Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and a B.A. in physics and mathematics with a minor in chemistry from Hastings College. In her doctoral work, Dr. Helmenstine developed ultra-sensitive chemical detection and medical diagnostic tests.
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A burning candle

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