Puricare Industrial Enterprises: Chemical warfare

Showing posts with label Chemical warfare. Show all posts

Saturday, January 30, 2021

CHEMICAL WARFARE - MUSTARD GAS - Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time. It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas. Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove. If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life. For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison. - Mustard gas or dichlorodiethyl sulfide, causes severe burns to the eyes, skin and lungs. Its full effects are sometimes felt days later and cause severe incapacitation. Mustard gas was an important development in chemical warfare, believed to have first been used near Ypres 12th July 1917. Its chemical formula is Cl-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-Cl, as pictured on the right. Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time. It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas. Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove. If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life. For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison. If inhaled it causes blistering of the lining of the lungs causing great distress and in severe cases death.

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Chemical warfare

Mustard gas

If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life. For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison.

Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time. It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas. Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove.

Science of Conflict

dynamicscience.com.au

Mustard gas or dichlorodiethyl sulfide, causes severe burns to the eyes, skin and lungs.

Its full effects are sometimes felt days later and cause severe incapacitation.

Mustard gas was an important development in chemical warfare, believed to have first been used near Ypres 12th July 1917.

Its chemical formula is Cl-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-Cl, as pictured on the right.

Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time.

It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas.

Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove.

If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life.

For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison. If inhaled it causes blistering of the lining of the lungs causing great distress and in severe cases death.

Exposure to high concentration of mustard gas causes damage to the cornea of the eye and eventual blindness.

Mustard gas is a persistent chemical which remains in the environment for days and continues to cause poisoning.

If a soldier's clothing and equipment became contaminated with mustard gas then other soldiers, he came into contact with, would also be contaminated.

1) What is a blistering agent?

2) As mustard gas reacts with water it splits into highly toxic chemicals. One of these chemicals is known as hydrochloric acid. Describe the effects of hydrochloric acid on skin.

3) Why are the lungs so susceptible to mustard gas?

4) Why was mustard gas such a feared poison?

5) Was it effective as a lethal weapon?

6) Describe the impact of a mustard gas attack on enemy troops. Discuss with reference to the demand placed on medical resources, psychological impact.

7) Why was mustard gas not widely used during WW2?

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/war/mustargas.htm

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Hydrogen cyanide

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Vietnam war - Agent Orange

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Arsenic
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Poison As Medicine

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Perfume Poisoning

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Wormwood, A bitter herb

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Saturday, January 23, 2021

VIETNAM WAR - AGENT ORANGE - Agent Orange work on broad leaf plants by mimicking growth hormones, which results in rapid, uncontrolled growth and eventual death of the plant. During the Vietnam conflict many different types of herbicides were mixed with kerosene and sprayed from aircraft. Often the chemicals rained down on American, Australian and Vietnamese troops as well as civilians. Many returned service men and women blame exposure to agent orange for the many illnesses suffered after the war. Illnesses such as cancer, mood swings, depression, skin problems and birth defects. Agent orange was the name given to a very potent herbicide used by the U.S. military in its war in Vietnam. This herbicide was used for ten years, from 1961 to 1971, to defoliate the forests of Vietnam and hence make the Viet cong (Vietnamese communists) visible from the air and to eradicate the enemies food source by the destruction of crops. In total 24,000 Km2 or 6 million acres were sprayed in Vietnam. Agent Orange is a 1:1 mixture of two herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). These herbicides work on broad leaf plants by mimicking growth hormones, which results in rapid, uncontrolled growth and eventual death of the plant. These herbicides were first developed in 1946 and were widely used in agriculture during the 1950s.

Vietnam war - Agent Orange

Agent Orange work on broad leaf plants by mimicking growth hormones, which results in rapid, uncontrolled growth and eventual death of the plant.

During the Vietnam conflict many different types of herbicides were mixed with kerosene and sprayed from aircraft. Often the chemicals rained down on American, Australian and Vietnamese troops as well as civilians. Many returned service men and women blame exposure to agent orange for the many illnesses suffered after the war. Illnesses such as cancer, mood swings, depression, skin problems and birth defects.

Science of Conflict

dynamicscience.com.au

Agent orange was the name given to a very potent herbicide used by the U.S. military in its war in Vietnam.

This herbicide was used for ten years, from 1961 to 1971, to defoliate the forests of Vietnam and hence make the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists) visible from the air and to eradicate the enemies food source by the destruction of crops.

In total 24,000 Km²or 6 million acres were sprayed in Vietnam.

Agent Orange is a 1:1 mixture of two herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T).

These herbicides work on broad leaf plants by mimicking growth hormones, which results in rapid, uncontrolled growth and eventual death of the plant.

These herbicides were first developed in 1946 and were widely used in agriculture during the 1950s.

During the Vietnam conflict many different types of herbicides were mixed with kerosene and sprayed from aircraft.

Often the chemicals rained down on American, Australian and Vietnamese troops as well as civilians.

Many returned service men and women blame exposure to agent orange for the many illnesses suffered after the war.

Illnesses such as cancer, mood swings, depression, skin problems and birth defects.

Did the defoliation of millions of acres of forest assist in the war against the communist forces?

Research the lasting effects of Agent Orange and the impact on the local civilians that remains to this day.

Were adequate precautions taken during the spraying to protect the troops and civilians? Explain.

Can this be considered a case of chemical warfare?

Although the herbicides are relatively safe a byproduct of their manufacture is not.

Dioxin or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) pictured on the right, is produced as a byproduct of the manufacture of 2,4,5-T.

Dioxin is a potent human carcinogen and as a consequence is banned in many countries.

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/war/vietnamagentorange.htm

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The battle will not be easy … but the victory is assured

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World War I

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A World at War

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A World at War

wars and rumors of wars

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Weapons of Mass Destruction and Bible Prophecy

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Wednesday, December 13, 2017

CYANIDE POISONING - How Cyanide Works and How Poisoning Is Treated - Sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and cyanogen chloride (CNCl) are lethal, but thousands of compounds called nitriles contain the cyanide group yet aren't as toxic. In fact, you can find cyanide in nitriles used as pharmaceuticals, such as citalopram (celexa) and cimetidine (Tagamet).

Cyanide Poisoning

You would have to eat a lot of apples with their seeds
at one time to suffer cyanide poisoning.

How Does Cyanide Kill?

Chemistry of Cyanide Poisoning

How Cyanide Works and How Poisoning Is Treated

by Anne Marie Helmenstine, P.h.D.

Murder mysteries and spy novels often feature cyanide as a fast-acting poison, but you can be exposed to this toxin from everyday chemicals and even common foods.

Have you ever wondered how cyanide poisons and kills people, how much it takes before it's toxic, and whether there is a cure?

Here's what you need to know.

WHAT IS CYANIDE?

The term "cyanide" refers to any chemical containing a carbon-nitrogen (CN) bond.

Many substances contain cyanide, but not all of them are deadly poisons.

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and cyanogen chloride (CNCl) are lethal, but thousands of compounds called nitriles contain the cyanide group yet aren't as toxic.

In fact, you can find cyanide in nitriles used as pharmaceuticals, such as citalopram (celexa) and cimetidine (Tagamet).

Nitriles aren't as dangerous because they don't readily release the CN^- ion, which is the group that acts as a metabolic poison.

HOW CYANIDE POISONS

In a nutshell, cyanide prevents cells from using oxygen to make energy molecules.

The cyanide ion, CN^-, binds to the iron atom in cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria of cells.

It acts as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor, preventing cytochrome C oxidase from doing its job, which is to transport electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain of aerobic cellular respiration.

Without the ability to use oxygen, mitochondria can't produce the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Tissues that require this form of energy, such as heart muscle cells and nerve cells, quickly expend all their energy and start to die.

When a large enough number of critical cells die, you die.

EXPOSURE TO CYANIDE

Cyanide can be used as a poison or chemical warfare agent, but most people are exposed to it unintentionally.

Some ways to be exposed to cyanide include:

· eating cassava, lima beans, yucca, bamboo shoots, sorghum, or almonds

· eating apple seeds, cherry stones, apricot pits, or peach pits

· smoking cigarettes

· burning plastic

· burning coal

· inhaling smoke from a house fire

· ingesting acetonitrile-based products are used to remove artificial nails

· drinking water, eating food, touching soil, or inhaling air that has been contaminated

· exposure to rodenticide or other cyanide-containing pesticide

Cyanide in fruits and vegetables is in the form of cyanogenic glycosides (cyanoglycosides).

Sugars attach to these compounds through the process of glycosylation, forming free hydrogen cyanide.

Many industrial processes involve compounds that contain cyanide or can react with water or air to produce it.

Paper, textile, photochemical, plastics, mining, and metallurgy industries all may deal with cyanide.

Some people report an odor of bitter almonds associated with cyanide, but not all toxic compounds produce the scent and not all people can smell it.

Cyanide gas is less dense than air, so it will rise.

SYMPTOMS OF CYANIDE POISONING

Inhaling a high dose of cyanide gas rapidly causes unconsciousness and often death.

Lower doses may be survivable, especially if immediate aid is provided.

The symptoms of cyanide poisoning are similar to those displayed by other conditions or exposure to any of a number of chemicals, so don't assume cyanide is the cause.

Do remove yourself from the cause of exposure and seek immediate medical attention!

Immediate Symptoms

· headache

· dizziness

· weakness

· confusion

· fatigue

· lack of coordination

Symptoms from Larger Doses or Longer Exposure

· low blood pressure

· unconsciousness

· convulsions

· slow heart rate

· lung damage

· respiratory failure

· coma

Death from poisoning usually results from respiratory failure or heart failure.

A person exposed to cyanide may have cherry-red skin from high oxygen levels or a dark or blue coloring, from Prussian blue (iron binding to the cyanide ion).

Also, skin and body fluids may give off an odor of almonds.

HOW MUCH CYANIDE IS LETHAL?

How much cyanide is too much depends on the route of exposure, the dose, and duration of exposure.

Inhaled cyanide presents a greater risk than ingested cyanide.

Skin contact is not as much of a concern (unless it has been mixed with DMSO), except touching the compound could lead to accidentally swallowing some of it.

As a rough estimate, since lethal dose depends on the exact compound and several other factors, about half a gram of ingested cyanide will kill a 160-lb adult.

Unconsciousness, followed by death, could occur within several seconds of inhaling a high dose of cyanide, but lower doses and ingested cyanide may allow a few hours to a couple of days for treatment.

Emergency medical attention is critical.

IS THERE A TREATMENT FOR CYANIDE POISONING?

Because it's a relatively common toxin in the environment, the body can detoxify a small amount of cyanide.

For example, you can eat the seeds of an apple or withstand cyanide from cigarette smoke without dying.

When cyanide is used as a poison or a chemical weapon, treatment depends on the dose.

A high dose of inhaled cyanide is lethal too quickly for any treatment to take effect.

Initial first aid for inhaled cyanide is getting the victim to fresh air.

Ingested cyanide or lower doses of inhaled cyanide may be countered by administering antidotes that detoxify cyanide or bind to it.

For example, natural vitamin B12, hydroxocobalamin, reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which is excreted in urine.

Inhalation of amyl nitrite may aid breathing in victims of cyanide and also carbon monoxide poisoning, although few first aid kits contain these ampules anymore.

Depending on the conditions, complete recovery may be possible, although paralysis, liver damage, kidney damage, and hypothyroidism are possible.

ANNE MARIE HELMENSTINE, PH.D. is an author and consultant with a broad scientific and medical background.

EXPERIENCE

Anne has taught chemistry, biology, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate level. In her doctoral work, Anne developed ultra-sensitive chemical detection and medical diagnostic tests. She has worked abstracting/indexing diverse scientific literature for the Department of Energy. She presently works as a freelance writer and scientific consultant. She enjoys adapting lab-based science projects so that they can be performed safely at home.

EDUCATION

Dr. Helmenstine has bachelor of arts degrees in physics and mathematics with a minor in chemistry from Hastings College in Nebraska and a doctorate of philosophy in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.

Chemistry is part of everyone's life, from cooking and cleaning to the latest computer chip technology and vaccine development. It doesn't have to be intimidating and it doesn't have to be hard to understand.

You can read more about Anne's current and past work on her Google Profile: Anne Helmenstine. Find Anne's printable periodic tables and science projects at Science Notes.

https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-cyanide-poison-609287

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