Showing posts with label Aristotle. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Aristotle. Show all posts

Saturday, February 20, 2021

THE FULL MOON, MOOD SWINGS AND CRAZY PEOPLE - CAN A FULL MOON AFFECT YOUR MOOD? DOES THE MOON MAKE PEOPLE CRAZY? - The Latin name for the Moon — “Luna” — is the root of modern words like “lunacy,” “lunatic” and even “loon,” as in “crazy as a loon.” Hundreds of studies have failed to turn up evidence of the lunar influence. We call widespread beliefs that are unsupported by fact folklore. Can the Moon affect your mood and make people crazy? Science doesn’t have proof, but could centuries of folklore be wrong? Unless you plan to ask a werewolf (which we don’t recommend), it might be time to explore the myths and reality. Ancient authorities like Aristotle, Paracelsus, and Pliny the Elder thought some humans were driven crazy by the full Moon. Even today, many doctors, nurses, EMTs, police officers, and elementary school teachers agree that full Moons will bring bizarre behavior — 43 percent of healthcare professionals believe in what some call “the lunar influence,” as do 81 percent of mental healthcare specialists. But is there really a lunar connection to abnormal behavior? Hundreds of studies have failed to turn up evidence of the lunar influence. One explanation might be what psychologists call “confirmation bias” — people are more likely to notice things that confirm a preexisting belief. If you’re working in an emergency room, and something weird happens on the full Moon, your older and wiser colleagues nod and say, “Must be a full Moon.”

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The Full Moon, Mood Swings and Crazy People

CAN A FULL MOON AFFECT YOUR MOOD?

DOES THE MOON MAKE PEOPLE CRAZY?

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The Latin name for the Moon — “Luna” — is the root of modern words like “lunacy,” “lunatic” and even “loon,” as in “crazy as a loon.” Hundreds of studies have failed to turn up evidence of the lunar influence. We call widespread beliefs that are unsupported by fact folklore.

By Tim Clark



Can the Moon affect your mood?

Does it make people crazy?

Science doesn’t have proof, but could centuries of folklore be wrong?

Unless you plan to ask a werewolf (which we don’t recommend), it might be time to explore the myths and reality.

THE LUNAR CONNECTION

Ancient authorities like Aristotle, Paracelsus, and Pliny the Elder thought some humans were driven crazy by the full Moon.

The Latin name for the Moon — “Luna” — is the root of modern words like “lunacy,” “lunatic” and even “loon,” as in “crazy as a loon.”

Even today, many doctors, nurses, EMTs, police officers, and elementary school teachers agree that full Moons will bring bizarre behavior — 43 percent of healthcare professionals believe in what some call “the lunar influence,” as do 81 percent of mental healthcare specialists.

But is there really a lunar connection to abnormal behavior?

Science says no.

Hundreds of studies have failed to turn up evidence of the lunar influence.

And those few studies that suggest a connection are usually disproved or contradicted by others:

o  one study says more animal bites (from cats, rats, dogs, horses) occur at the full Moon

o  another says there’s no increase in dog bites

o  one shows an increase in crime around the full Moon

o  others find no increase in arrests, calls for police assistance, prison assaults, batteries, or homicides

o  admissions for psychosis are lowest during the full Moon, and psychiatric emergency room visits decline

o  calls to suicide prevention hotlines peak at the new Moon, not the full Moon

One explanation might be what psychologists call “confirmation bias” — people are more likely to notice things that confirm a preexisting belief.

If you’re working in an emergency room, and something weird happens on the full Moon, your older and wiser colleagues nod and say, “Must be a full Moon.”

That’s what they heard from their elders when they were new at the job. (Psychologists have a name for that, too: “communal reinforcement.”)

But if something weird happens at a different phase of the lunar cycle, nobody says, “Must be the third quarter Moon!”

And when nothing unusual happens on the full Moon, nobody says anything.

We call widespread beliefs that are unsupported by fact folklore.

Erika Brady, who teaches folklore at Western Kentucky University, says, “it’s a way of imposing order on something that feels frighteningly out of control.”

How does a belief that strange things happen on the full Moon help us feel safer?

The full Moon occurs only once every 29.5 days; that means the other four weeks of the lunar month should be less dangerous and unpredictable. See when the next full Moon is.

Therefore, this folk belief implies that our fears about everything from increased bleeding to werewolves may be limited to only 12 or 13 days per year.

Hey! Maybe that’s why the number 13 worries people!

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https://www.almanac.com/content/can-full-moon-affect-your-mood


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Supermoons

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Moon Illusion

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Worship On The New Moon

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The Phases of the Moon

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Triskaidekaphobia — fear of the number 13

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Lucky Number 13 in the Bible

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https://puricarechronicles.blogspot.com/2021/01/lucky-number-13-in-bible-number-13.html 



Friday, February 5, 2021

MOON ILLUSION - Why Does the Full Moon Look Bigger on the Horizon? - The Moon does not increase in size on some nights. While the Moon does come closer to our planet during its 29.5-day orbit around the Earth, and while it does sometimes look bigger than usual to a casual observer on Earth, its size does not actually increase. The apparent change in our only natural satellite's size when it is near the horizon is an optical illusion. Scientists call it the Moon illusion. Every once in a while, images of a massive Moon close to the horizon appear in the media. You can easily confirm that there is no change in the Moon's size when it is on the horizon versus when it is high up in the sky by doing a very simple experiment. Take your camera and take a picture of the Moon when it is at the horizon. Wait a few hours. Now, using the same settings, take another picture of the Moon. Compare the sizes of the Moon in the two pictures. You'll find that they are the same. Another way to test this is to take a sheet of paper and roll it such that the edges of the roll match with the edges of the Full Moon at the horizon. Tape the roll in place. Wait for a few hours and then look at the Full Moon high up in the sky through the roll. You'll find that the edges of the roll perfectly fit the edges of the Moon once again. While people have been aware of the illusion since ancient times, an explanation of why it occurs has been difficult to pin down.

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The Ponzo illusion

Moon Illusion

Why Does the Full Moon Look Bigger on the Horizon?

The Moon does not increase in size on some nights. While the Moon does come closer to our planet during its 29.5-day orbit around the Earth, and while it does sometimes look bigger than usual to a casual observer on Earth, its size does not actually increase. The apparent change in our only natural satellite's size when it is near the horizon is an optical illusion. Scientists call it the Moon illusion.

By Aparna Kher


 

Every once in a while, images of a massive Moon close to the horizon appear in the media.

Does the Moon increase in size on some nights?

An Optical Illusion

The simple answer to this question is, no.

While the Moon does come closer to our planet during its 29.5-day orbit around the Earth, and while it does sometimes look bigger than usual to a casual observer on Earth, its size does not actually increase.

The apparent change in our only natural satellite's size when it is near the horizon is an optical illusion.

Scientists call it the Moon illusion.

Confirm on Your Own

You can easily confirm that there is no change in the Moon's size when it is on the horizon versus when it is high up in the sky by doing a very simple experiment.

Take your camera and take a picture of the Moon when it is at the horizon.

Wait a few hours.

Now, using the same settings, take another picture of the Moon.

Compare the sizes of the Moon in the two pictures. You'll find that they are the same.

Another way to test this is to take a sheet of paper and roll it such that the edges of the roll match with the edges of the Full Moon at the horizon.

Tape the roll in place. Wait for a few hours and then look at the Full Moon high up in the sky through the roll.

You'll find that the edges of the roll perfectly fit the edges of the Moon once again.

Observed Since Ancient Times

While people have been aware of the illusion since ancient times, an explanation of why it occurs has been difficult to pin down.

As early as the 4th century B.C.E, the Greek philosopher Aristotle noticed that the Moon looked bigger when it was closer to the horizon than when it was further up in the sky.

The popular explanation for the optical trick at that time was that the Earth’s atmosphere magnified the Moon.

Scientists have now debunked that explanation — the Earth’s atmosphere does have an effect on the color of the Moon, but it does nothing to perceptibly change its size.

It's in Our Heads

So what causes the illusion?

Scientists are unsure.

One popular explanation suggests that how we perceive the size of the Moon is all in our head. In other words, the Moon illusion has psychological roots.

Humans tend to mentally exaggerate the size of the Moon with respect to the surrounding objects when it is on the horizon.

This is because, unlike other everyday objects in the sky — airplanes and birds — humans have no context to determine the size of celestial objects.

According to one psychological explanation of the Moon Illusion, this can force people to believe that the Moon is bigger when compared to the objects at the horizon like trees and buildings.

This is similar to the Ebbinghaus illusion, which shows that when a circle is surrounded by larger circles, it looks smaller than when it is surrounded by smaller circles.

The Sky Illusion

Another explanation lies in how humans tend to perceive the sky.

Known as the apparent distance theory or the sky illusion, the explanation was made popular by Arab scientist Ibn al-Haytham.

He suggested that man-made and natural objects between an observer and the horizon create an illusion, where the observer inflates the distance between him and the horizon as compared to the distance between him and those directly above him.

This leads to the observer believing that the horizon Moon is further away and bigger than the Moon at or close to the zenith.

Another version of the sky illusion is the flat sky theory or the apparent sky dome theory. According to this theory, the human brain perceives the sky above us not as a dome, but as a flattened dome, much like an inverted bowl.

When the Moon is projected on this mental model of the flat sky, the brain sees the Moon at the horizon as bigger than the Moon on the top of the dome.

This is perhaps why pilots see a larger than usual Moon despite not having any intervening objects between them and the Moon.

Scientific experiments have however proven that in general, people tend to presume that the Moon is bigger and closer to the Earth when on the horizon.

The Ponzo Illusion

Similar to the sky illusion, the Ponzo illusion, named after Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo, suggests that when two identically sized lines are drawn across a pair of converging horizontal lines, the line at the top is thought to be bigger than the line at the bottom.

This is because to the human eye the top line seems to span a greater distance between the two converging lines.

Some experts suggest that objects between the observer and the horizon Moon act as the converging line, tricking the mind into thinking that the Moon is bigger than it is.

Actually Smaller at the Horizon

What makes the Moon illusion particularly confounding is that in reality, a rising Full Moon near the horizon is about 1.5% smaller as perceived by the human retina than an overhead Moon.

This is because around the time of moonrise the Moon is about 6400 kilometers (about 4000 miles) farther away from an observer's location than when it is high in the sky.

Flat Moon

Sometimes when the Moon is right near the horizon, it can look flatter - as if one of its edges have been squished.

This is a mirage, and unlike illusions that have psychological basis, can be explained by the laws of physics. Refraction to be precise.

As moonlight passes through the layers of atmosphere, it gets bent.

At the horizon, moonlight from the lower edge of the Moon passes through more of the atmosphere than from the upper edge, making its lower edge seem flatter and more distorted than its upper edge.

Aparna Kher

Web Editor & Journalist

Aparna joined timeanddate in 2012 and covers astronomy, space science, and holidays around the world. She has worked and lived on three continents and holds a bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of Delhi, an MA in International Politics from Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, and a PhD in Political Science from Binghamton University in New York. When not working, she likes to read microhistories, plan parties, and learn new skills.

Time and Date AS is based just outside Stavanger, Norway, where our teams work together to operate timeanddate.com, the world's top-ranking website for time and time zones. With free online services you can rely on, we make it easier to organize your life, both at work and at home.

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https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/horizon.html


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