CHEMICAL WARFARE - MUSTARD GAS - Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time. It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas. Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove. If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life. For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison. - Mustard gas or dichlorodiethyl sulfide, causes severe burns to the eyes, skin and lungs. Its full effects are sometimes felt days later and cause severe incapacitation. Mustard gas was an important development in chemical warfare, believed to have first been used near Ypres 12th July 1917. Its chemical formula is Cl-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-Cl, as pictured on the right. Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time. It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas. Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove. If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life. For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison. If inhaled it causes blistering of the lining of the lungs causing great distress and in severe cases death.

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Chemical warfare

Mustard gas

If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life. For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison.

.

Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time. It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas. Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove. 

Science of Conflict

dynamicscience.com.au

 

Mustard gas or dichlorodiethyl sulfide, causes severe burns to the eyes, skin and lungs.

Its full effects are sometimes felt days later and cause severe incapacitation.

Mustard gas was an important development in chemical warfare, believed to have first been used near Ypres 12th July 1917.  

Its chemical formula is Cl-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-Cl, as pictured on the right.

Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time.

It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas.

Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove.

If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life.

For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison. If inhaled it causes blistering of the lining of the lungs causing great distress and in severe cases death.

Exposure to high concentration of mustard gas causes damage to the cornea of the eye and eventual blindness.    

Mustard gas is a persistent chemical which remains in the environment for days and continues to cause poisoning.

If a soldier's clothing and equipment became contaminated with mustard gas then other soldiers, he came into contact with, would also be contaminated.

1) What is a blistering agent?

2) As mustard gas reacts with water it splits into highly toxic chemicals. One of these chemicals is known as hydrochloric acid. Describe the effects of hydrochloric acid on skin.

3) Why are the lungs so susceptible to mustard gas?

4) Why was mustard gas such a feared poison?

5) Was it effective as a lethal weapon?

6) Describe the impact of a mustard gas attack on enemy troops. Discuss with reference to the demand placed on medical resources, psychological impact.

7) Why was mustard gas not widely used during WW2?

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/war/mustargas.htm

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USES FOR MURIATIC ACID OR HYDROCHLORIC ACID - Muriatic acid is another name for hydrochloric acid, which is one of the strong acids. The product is usually between 5% and 35% hydrochloric acid in water. Muriatic acid is a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in water. The acid has a distinctive pungent smell and is highly corrosive. Muriatic acid has many commercial uses in addition to household uses. The acid reacts with other chemicals to remove stains and contaminants. The most common household use of muriatic acid is as a descaling agent however, the chemical has many other applications. Hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry to make polyvinyl chloride, which in turn is used to produce several types of plastic. It is used to synthesize and purify both organic and inorganic compounds, regenerate ion exchange columns, perform titrations for chemical analysis, and control pH. The acid finds use in the food industry in the production of gelatin, fructose, citric acid, lysine, aspartame, and hydrolyzed vegetable protein. It is also a food additive used to control acidity. Hydrochloric acid is used in steel pickling, leather production. In the petroleum industry, hydrochloric acid may be injected into a rock formation to make the rock more porous and stimulate oil production. Household uses include cleaning mortar from bricks, de-scaling mineral deposits from kettles, and removing metallic stains.

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Muriatic Acid or Hydrochloric Acid

Uses for Muriatic Acid or Hydrochloric Acid

People Explain How They Use Muriatic Acid

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

 

 

Muriatic acid is another name for hydrochloric acid, which is one of the strong acids.

The product is usually between 5% and 35% hydrochloric acid in water.

Do you use muriatic acid or dilute hydrochloric acid as a household chemical?

If so, what uses do you have for it? Readers answer this question: 

Key Takeaways: Muriatic Acid Uses

Muriatic acid is a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in water.

The acid has a distinctive pungent smell and is highly corrosive.

Muriatic acid has many commercial uses in addition to household uses. The acid reacts with other chemicals to remove stains and contaminants.

Uses for Muriatic/Hydrochloric Acid

Use it to lower the pH and total alkalinity of your swimming pool. — frd

It worked.

I used muriatic acid for tile cleaning a large number of tiles at once. It restores the tiles to a normal state. — Ifediba Paul N

Hydrochloric/ Muratic Acid

I use hydrochloric acid using a 3:1 ratio with water (acid 3 : water 1).

We just moved into a newly built house and the tiles in the bathroom are covered with grout, so I use the solution above to clean the grout off the tile.

I also use the undiluted muratic acid to clean (with a sprayer) iron off the concrete around my pool. — Anonymous

Make your own soldering flux

Dissolve pure zinc (e.g., from a dry-cell case) in muriatic acid to make your own acid flux for soldering.

Several articles via Google will show how. Be sure to follow safety hints! NOT a project for kids! —Guest tkjtkj

Disposal?

I had some old muriatic acid sitting in a room for more than a year. I noticed there was some crystals or something that looks like salt on the outside of the bottle.

I wonder if it is in fact a salt. And what is the best way to dispose of it? — forrest

muriatic acid

I use muriatic acid to melt concrete off our delivery trucks. — joe

Sometimes you just have to use it.

Some stains just won't go away with anything else. An example is manganese staining a toilet bowl.

I've got manganese in my water and the treatment tanks don't get all of it. — Al

muriatic acid

I use muriatic acid or hydrochloric acid to clean the algae growth from the bottom of my boat.

Be sure to wet the concrete well that's under and around your boat or you'll end up with with a ghost pattern of your boat.

Keep the acids away from grass and aluminum. — bob c

Cleans gunk off shower stalls, easily

It makes cleaning old shower stalls a breeze. But you have to be careful and wear gloves of course.

Also, open a window before you start using it so you have proper ventilation. Now there's no need to try to endlessly scrub away stubborn gunk.

Muriatic acid is the way to go when you have tough cleaning jobs. — Evie

Are You Kidding?

Seriously? I wouldn't have that chemical in my house or my garage! It's too dangerous.

What if a kid or a pet spilled it or something. There have to be better chemicals to use than acid. — No Way

Concrete Cleaner

I use muriatic acid to clean the yuck off of concrete. It's also good to prep it for a sealant or other treatment. — Acidzzz

Commercial Uses of Muriatic Acid

The most common household use of muriatic acid is as a descaling agent however, the chemical has many other applications.

Hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry to make polyvinyl chloride, which in turn is used to produce several types of plastic.

It is used to synthesize and purify both organic and inorganic compounds, regenerate ion exchange columns, perform titrations for chemical analysis, and control pH.

The acid finds use in the food industry in the production of gelatin, fructose, citric acid, lysine, aspartame, and hydrolyzed vegetable protein.

It is also a food additive used to control acidity.

Hydrochloric acid is used in steel pickling, leather production.

In the petroleum industry, hydrochloric acid may be injected into a rock formation to make the rock more porous and stimulate oil production. 

Household uses include cleaning mortar from bricks, de-scaling mineral deposits from kettles, and removing metallic stains.

Gastric acid in the human digestive tract makes use of hydrochloric acid to denature proteins and protect against pathogens.

Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Chemistry Expert

Education

Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville

B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College

Introduction

Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville - Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Science educator with experience teaching chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels.

ThoughtCo and About Education chemistry expert since 2001.

Widely-published graphic artist, responsible for printable periodic tables and other illustrations used in science.

Experience

Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D. has covered chemistry for ThoughtCo and About Education since 2001, and other sciences since 2013. She taught chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels. She has worked as a research scientist and also abstracting and indexing diverse scientific literature for the Department of Energy.

In addition to her work as a science writer, Dr. Helmenstine currently serves as a scientific consultant, specializing in problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Previously, she worked as a research scientist and college professor. 

Education

Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and a B.A. in physics and mathematics with a minor in chemistry from Hastings College. In her doctoral work, Dr. Helmenstine developed ultra-sensitive chemical detection and medical diagnostic tests.

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

ThoughtCo is a premier reference site focusing on expert-created education content. We are one of the top-10 information sites in the world as rated by comScore, a leading Internet measurement company. Every month, more than 13 million readers seek answers to their questions on ThoughtCo.

For more than 20 years, Dotdash brands have been helping people find answers, solve problems, and get inspired. We are one of the top-20 largest content publishers on the Internet according to comScore, and reach more than 30% of the U.S. population monthly. Our brands collectively have won more than 20 industry awards in the last year alone, and recently Dotdash was named Publisher of the Year by Digiday, a leading industry publication.

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-acid-test-4123174

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HYDROCHLORIC ACID - also known as muriatic acid - Hydrochloric acid is a strong, corrosive acid that can be used to make steel for bridges and cars. Hydrochloric acid is used in pickling operations to remove rust and other impurities from carbon, alloy and stainless steels. It is also used in aluminum etching and metal cleaning applications. It is used in the chemical industry in the large-scale production of vinyl chloride. Other common end uses for hydrochloric acid include food manufacturing. Hydrochloric acid is used as an ingredient in household cleaners. Hydrochloric acid is used as a swimming pool treatment chemical, to help maintain an optimal pH level in the water. The food industry uses hydrochloric acid in the processing of a variety of food products.

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Hydrochloric Acid

also known as muriatic acid

ChemicalSafetyFacts.org

Hydrochloric acid is the water-based, or aqueous, solution of hydrogen chloride gas.

It is also the main component of gastric acid, an acid produced naturally in the human stomach to help digest food.

Hydrochloric acid is also synthetically produced for a variety of industrial and commercial applications, and can be formed by a number of manufacturing processes, including dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water.

Uses & Benefits

Hydrochloric acid is a strong, corrosive acid that can be used to make steel for bridges and cars.

It is used in the chemical industry in the large-scale production of vinyl chloride for PVC plastic, and it is one of the chemicals that produces polyurethane foam and calcium chloride.

Other common end uses for hydrochloric acid include food manufacturing.

Steel production

Hydrochloric acid is used in pickling operations to remove rust and other impurities from carbon, alloy and stainless steels, to prepare the steel for final applications in car bodies, bridges and household appliances for example.

It is also used in aluminum etching and metal cleaning applications.

Household cleaners

Hydrochloric acid is used as an ingredient in household cleaners such as toilet bowl cleaners, bathroom tile cleaners and other porcelain cleaners, due to its corrosive properties that help clean tough stains.

Pool sanitation

Hydrochloric acid is used as a swimming pool treatment chemical, to help maintain an optimal pH level in the water.

Food production

The food industry uses hydrochloric acid in the processing of a variety of food products, such as corn syrups used in soft drinks, cookies, crackers, ketchup and cereals and other food products.

Hydrochloric acid is also used as an acidifier in sauces, vegetable juices and canned goods, to help enhance flavor and reduce spoilage.

Calcium chloride production

When hydrochloric acid is mixed or reacted with limestone, it produces calcium chloride, a type of salt used to de-ice roads.

Calcium chloride also has uses in food production as a stabilizer and firming agent, for example in baked goods, as well as uses as an antimicrobial.

Safety Information

Hydrochloric acid in its concentrated, liquid form is very corrosive and can cause damage, such as chemical burns, upon contact, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that, hydrochloric acid can cause eye damage, even blindness, if splashed in the eyes.

Ingestion of concentrated hydrochloric acid can cause severe injury to the mouth, throat, esophagus and stomach.

Some foods and beverages contain small amounts of hydrochloric acid, but these small amounts of hydrochloric acid are “neutralized and buffered during ingestion and digestion, or after absorption,” according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

When using pool cleaners with the ingredient hydrochloric acid (also known as muriatic acid), it is important to read and follow the entire product label for safe handling.

The CDC has developed two posters with recommendations for pool chemical safety handling as well as storage of pool chemicals for pool owners and operators.

Storage

Metal containers are not suitable storage containers for hydrochloric acid due to its corrosive nature.

Plastic containers, such as those made of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), can be used to store hydrochloric acid.

ChemicalSafetyFacts.org

Learn more about the chemistry in the products we rely on every day, including how and why particular chemicals are used in different products, and health and safety information about these chemicals.

https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/hydrochloric-acid/