CAN SOMETHING MOVE EVEN FASTER THAN SPEED OF LIGHT? IMPOSSIBLE - Our textbooks usually imply that nothing can travel faster than the light. But, this statement needs to be dissected at a granular level to be understood. The Distant Stars in the unchartered Space cannot be discovered, if we never break the Light Barrier. Hence, there is a need to ask this crucial question, ‘if there is anything that travels faster than light.’ The basis on which these textbooks justify the statement is the special theory of relativity, which explains that this may be achieved only by particles with zero rest mass. The hypothesis of the existence of Tachyons particles put the debate to rest that it is possible for Tachyons to travel at superluminal speeds. However, physicists disagree on the possibility of the existence of such particles, given they do not obey causality, and an infinite amount of energy would be required to move them at such high speeds. The following statement explains the phenomenon appropriately. The faster something travels, the more massive it gets, and the more time slows – until you finally reach the speed of light, at which point time stops altogether. This is the reason why the particles become extremely massive when most of the modern particle accelerators achieve superluminal speeds. The rate at which space is expanding is far greater than the speed of light and that is why light cannot travel across the universe.

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Faster Than Speed Of Light

Can Something Move Even Faster Than Speed Of Light? Impossible

Sara Aftab

Wonderful Engineering

Our textbooks usually imply that nothing can travel faster than the light.

But, this statement needs to be dissected at a granular level to be understood.

The Distant Stars in the unchartered Space cannot be discovered, if we never break the Light Barrier.

Hence, there is a need to ask this crucial question, ‘if there is anything that travels faster than light.’

The basis on which these textbooks justify the statement is the special theory of relativity, which explains that this may be achieved only by particles with zero rest mass.

The hypothesis of the existence of Tachyons particles put the debate to rest that it is possible for Tachyons to travel at superluminal speeds.

However, physicists disagree on the possibility of the existence of such particles, given they do not obey causality, and an infinite amount of energy would be required to move them at such high speeds.

The following statement explains the phenomenon appropriately.

The Faster Something Travels, The More Massive It Gets, And The More Time Slows – Until You Finally Reach The Speed Of Light, At Which Point Time Stops Altogether

This is the reason why the particles become extremely massive when most of the modern particle accelerators achieve superluminal speeds.

Some of the events that occur at superluminal speeds are as follows.

EXPANSION OF SPACE

After Big Bang, the Expansion of universe took place much faster than the speed of light.

The current evidence of the fact can be seen in the phenomenon called Metric Expansion of Space.

The rate at which space is expanding is far greater than the speed of light and that is why light cannot travel across the universe.

Since no particles are involved in the expansion of the universe and its vacuum, it can travel at such high speeds.

FLASHLIGHT SHIFT

Imagine you had a flashlight or a laser pointing at the moon, and you quickly moved it to another heavenly body.

Now, in theory, this would qualify as the beam of light traveling a distance of say, many light years away from the moon to this object in a matter of seconds, making the beam travel faster than light.

If the flashlight was a laser or just the plain flashlight, the point remains that ‘no material object’ has traveled with that speed. Also note that laser is a particular kind of light.

QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT

Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon where a pair or group particles form a bond when brought close to each other.

Even when separated, the quantum state of such pairs and groups is not defined independently of each other.

Simply understood, if two electrons are made to vibrate close to each other, they will do so in unison.

Once separated, the electrons will behave as if connected with a USB cable or an umbilical cord, even if physically they are located light years away from each other.

If one electron is deliberately moved, the other will detect this movement in an instance, much faster than the speed of light.

However, useful information transfer is not possible using Quantum Entanglement, since this barrier breach of light is random and chaotic. More on this at ERP Experiment.

EXOTIC MATTER

One way to break light barrier is to travel through Exotic/Negative Matter, which comprises of Tachyons particles, discussed earlier.

So we know that there is no evidence or agreement for the existence of such matter.

However, there are two ways to achieve that, hypothetically speaking,

1.    Much like the Time-Space warps shown in movies, these warps can help you teleport from one place to another in no time. Compressing the space in front and expanding the space behind, push yourself into a space-time warp.

A model of ‘folded’ space-time illustrates how a wormhole bridge
 might form with at least two mouths that are connected to a single throat or tube
 (via Space)

2.    By using the Wormhole, also a hypothesis. Wormholes supposedly are tunnel-like structures that connect different points in spacetime that may be billions of light years away from each other. Traveling through a wormhole will take place at speed of light locally.

Almost everyone of us wants to know what traveling at the speed of light feels like, however, it’s best not to become massive while doing so!

Wonderful Engineering is a community of international engineers who are transforming our lives through their innovative design and smart engineering. Join to appreciate others and to get inspiration to continue innovation.

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FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE - A force is defined as a push or pull that changes an object's state of motion or causes the object to deform. Newton defined a force as anything that caused an object to accelerate. The force of gravity pulls you down into your seat, toward the Earth's center. You feel it as your weight. Why don't you fall through your seat? Well, another force, electromagnetism, holds the atoms of your seat together, preventing your atoms from intruding on those of your seat. Electromagnetic interactions in your computer monitor are also responsible for generating light that allows you to read the screen. Gravity and electromagnetism are just two of the four fundamental forces of nature, specifically two that you can observe every day. The remaining two forces work at the atomic level, which we never feel, despite being made of atoms. The strong force holds the nucleus together. Lastly, the weak force is responsible for radioactive decay, specifically, beta decay where a neutron within the nucleus changes into a proton and an electron, which is ejected from the nucleus. Without these fundamental forces, you and all the other matter in the universe would fall apart and float away. The first force that you ever became aware of was probably gravity. Gravity holds the moon, planets, sun, stars and galaxies together in the universe in their respective orbits. It can work over immense distances and has an infinite range. Isaac Newton envisioned gravity as a pull between any two objects that was directly related to their masses and inversely related to the square of the distance separating them.

 

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Fundamental Forces Of Nature

What are the four fundamental forces of nature?

BY CRAIG FREUDENRICH, PH.D.

 

As you sit in front of your computer reading this article, you may be unaware of the many forces acting upon you.

A force is defined as a push or pull that changes an object's state of motion or causes the object to deform.

Newton defined a force as anything that caused an object to accelerate -- F = ma, where F is force, m is mass and a is acceleration.

The familiar force of gravity pulls you down into your seat, toward the Earth's center. You feel it as your weight.

Why don't you fall through your seat? Well, another force, electromagnetism, holds the atoms of your seat together, preventing your atoms from intruding on those of your seat.

Electromagnetic interactions in your computer monitor are also responsible for generating light that allows you to read the screen.

Gravity and electromagnetism are just two of the four fundamental forces of nature, specifically two that you can observe every day.

What are the other two, and how do they affect you if you can't see them?

The remaining two forces work at the atomic level, which we never feel, despite being made of atoms. The strong force holds the nucleus together.

Lastly, the weak force is responsible for radioactive decay, specifically, beta decay where a neutron within the nucleus changes into a proton and an electron, which is ejected from the nucleus.

Without these fundamental forces, you and all the other matter in the universe would fall apart and float away.

Let's look at each fundamental force, what each does, how it was discovered and how it relates to the others.

Gravity Getting You Down?

 The first force that you ever became aware of was probably gravity.

As a toddler, you had to learn to rise up against it and walk. When you stumbled, you immediately felt gravity bring you back down to the floor.

Besides giving toddlers trouble, gravity holds the moon, planets, sun, stars and galaxies together in the universe in their respective orbits.

It can work over immense distances and has an infinite range.

Isaac Newton envisioned gravity as a pull between any two objects that was directly related to their masses and inversely related to the square of the distance separating them.

His law of gravitation enabled mankind to send astronauts to the moon and robotic probes to the outer reaches of our solar system.

From 1687 until the early 20th century, Newton's idea of gravity as a "tug-of-war" between any two objects dominated physics.

But one phenomenon that Newton's theories couldn't explain was the peculiar orbit of Mercury. The orbit itself appeared to rotate (also known as precession).

This observation frustrated astronomers since the mid-1800s.

In 1915, Albert Einstein realized that Newton's laws of motion and gravity didn't apply to objects in high gravity or at high speeds, like the speed of light.

In his general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein envisioned gravity as a distortion of space caused by mass.

Imagine that you place a bowling ball in the middle of a rubber sheet. The ball makes a depression in the sheet (a gravity well or gravity field).

If you roll a marble toward the ball, it will fall into the depression (be attracted to the ball) and may even circle the ball (orbit) before it hits.

Depending upon the speed of the marble, it may escape the depression and pass the ball, but the depression might alter the marble's path.

Gravity fields around massive objects like the sun do the same.

Einstein derived Newton's law of gravity from his own theory of relativity and showed that Newton's ideas were a special case of relativity, specifically one applying to weak gravity and low speeds.

When considering massive objects (Earth, stars, galaxies), gravity appears to be the most powerful force.

However, when you apply gravity to the atomic level, it has little effect because the masses of subatomic particles are so small.

On this level, it's actually downgraded to the weakest force.

Let's look at electromagnetism, the next fundamental force.

Keeping It Together with Electromagnetism

If you brush your hair several times, your hair may stand on end and be attracted to the brush. Why?

The movement of the brush imparts electrical charges to each hair and the identically charged individual hairs repel each other.

Similarly, if you place identical poles of two bar magnets together, they will repel each other.

But set the opposite poles of the magnets near one another, and the magnets will attract each other.

These are familiar examples of electromagnetic force; opposite charges attract, while like charges repel.

Scientists have studied electromagnetism since the 18th century, with several making notable contributions.

In 1785, famed French physicist Charles Coulomb described the force of electrically charged objects as directly proportional to the magnitudes of the charges and inversely related to the square of the distances between them.

Like gravity, electromagnetism has an infinite range.

In 1819, Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted discovered that electricity and magnetism were very much related, leading him to declare that an electric current generates a magnetic force.

British-born physicist and chemist Michael Faraday weighed in on electromagnetism, showing that magnetism could be used to generate electricity in 1839.

In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell, the Scottish math and physics whiz, derived equations that described how electricity and magnetism were related.

Finally, Dutchman Hendrik Lorentz calculated the force acting on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field in 1892.

When scientists worked out the structure of the atom in the early 20th century, they learned that subatomic particles exerted electromagnetic forces on each other.

For example, positively charged protons could hold negatively charged electrons in orbit around the nucleus.

Furthermore, electrons of one atom attracted protons of neighboring atoms to form a residual electromagnetic force, which prevents you from falling through your chair.

But how does electromagnetism work at an infinite range in the large world and a short range at the atomic level?

Physicists thought that photons transmitted electromagnetic force over large distances.

But they had to devise theories to reconcile electromagnetism at the atomic level, and this led to the field of quantum electrodynamics (QED).

According to QED, photons transmit electromagnetic force both macroscopically and microscopically; however, subatomic particles constantly exchange virtual photons during their electromagnetic interactions.

But electromagnetism can't explain how the nucleus holds together. That's where nuclear forces come into play.

May the Nuclear Forces Be with You

The nucleus of any atom is made of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. Electromagnetism tells us that protons should repel each other and the nucleus should fly apart.

We also know that gravity doesn't play a role on a subatomic scale, so some other force must exist within the nucleus that is stronger than gravity and electromagnetism.

In addition, since we don't perceive this force every day as we do with gravity and electromagnetism, then it must operate over very short distances, say, on the scale of the atom.

The force holding the nucleus together is called the strong force, alternately called the strong nuclear force or strong nuclear interaction.

In 1935, Hideki Yukawa modeled this force and proposed that protons interacting with each other and with neutrons exchanged a particle called a meson -- later called a pion -- to transmit the strong force.

In the 1950s, physicists built particle accelerators to explore the structure of the nucleus.

When they crashed atoms together at high speeds, they found the pions predicted by Yukawa.

They also found that protons and neutrons were made of smaller particles called quarks. So, the strong force held the quarks together, which in turn held the nucleus together.

One other nuclear phenomenon had to be explained: radioactive decay.

In beta emission, a neutron decays into a proton, anti-neutrino and electron (beta particle).

The electron and anti-neutrino are ejected from the nucleus.

The force responsible for this decay and emission must be different and weaker than the strong force, thus it's unfortunate name -- the weak force or the weak nuclear force or weak nuclear interaction.

With the discovery of quarks, the weak force was shown to be responsible for changing one type of quark into another through the exchange of particles called W and Z bosons, which were discovered in 1983.

Ultimately, the weak force makes nuclear fusion in the sun and stars possible because it allows the hydrogen isotope deuterium to fom and fuse.

Now that you can name the four forces -- gravity, electromagnetism, the weak force and the strong force -- we'll see how they compare and interact with one another.

Comparing the Fundamental Forces

From the fields of QED and quantum chromodynamics, or QCD, the field of physics that describes the interactions between subatomic particles and nuclear forces, we see that many of the forces are transmitted by objects exchanging particles called gauge particles or gauge bosons.

These objects can be quarks, protons, electrons, atoms, magnets or even planets.

So, how does exchanging particles transmit a force? Consider two ice skaters standing at some distance apart.

If one skater throws a ball to the other, the skaters will move farther away from each other. Forces work in a similar way.

Physicists have isolated the gauge particles for most of the forces. The strong force uses pions and another particle called a gluon.

The weak force uses W and Z bosons. The electromagnetic force uses photons.

Gravity is thought to be conveyed by a particle called a graviton; however, gravitons haven't been found yet.

Some of the gauge particles associated with the nuclear forces have mass, while others don't (electromagnetism, gravity).

Because electromagnetic force and gravity can operate over huge distances like light-years, their gauge particles must be able to travel at the speed of light, perhaps even faster for gravitons.

Physicists don't know how gravity is transmitted.

But according to Einstein's theory of special relativity, no object with mass can travel at the speed of light, so it makes sense that photons and gravitons are mass-less gauge particles.

In fact, physicists have firmly established that photons have no mass.

Which force is the mightiest of them all? That would be the strong nuclear force.

However, it acts only over a short range, approximately the size of a nucleus.

The weak nuclear force is one-millionth as strong as the strong nuclear force and has an even shorter range, less than a proton's diameter.

The electromagnetic force is about 0.7 percent as strong as the strong nuclear force, but has an infinite range because photons carrying the electromagnetic force travel at the speed of light.

Finally, gravity is the weakest force at about 6 x 10-29 times that of the strong nuclear force. Gravity, however, has an infinite range. 

Physicists are currently pursuing the ideas that the four fundamental forces may be related and that they sprang from one force early in the universe.

The idea isn't unprecedented. We once thought of electricity and magnetism as separate entities, but the work of Oersted, Faraday, Maxwell and others showed that they were related.

Theories that relate the fundamental forces and subatomic particles are called fittingly grand unified theories. More on them next.

Uniting the Fundamental Forces

Science never rests, so the work on fundamental forces is far from finished.

The next challenge is to construct one grand unified theory of the four forces, an especially difficult task since scientists have struggled to reconcile theories of gravity with those of quantum mechanics.

That's where particle accelerators, which can induce collisions at higher energies, come in handy.

In 1963, physicists Sheldon Glashow, Abdul Salam and Steve Weinberg suggested that the weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force might combine at higher energies in what would be called the electroweak force.

They predicted that this would occur at an energy of about 100 giga-electron volts (100GeV) or a temperature of 1015 K, which occurred shortly after the Big Bang.

In 1983, physicists reached these temperatures in a particle accelerator and showed that the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force were related.

Theories predict that the strong force will unite with the electroweak force at energies above 1015 GeV and that all the forces may unite at energies above 1019 GeV.

These energies approach the temperature at the earliest portion of the Big Bang. Physicists are striving to build particle accelerators that might reach these temperatures.

The largest particle accelerator is the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.

When it comes online, it will be capable of accelerating protons to 99.99 percent the speed of light and reaching collision energies of 14 tera-electron volts or 14 TeV, which is equal to 14,000 GeV or 1.4 x 104 GeV.

If physicists can show that the four fundamental forces indeed came from one unified force when the universe cooled from the Big Bang, will that change your daily life? Probably not.

However, it will advance our understanding of the nature of forces, as well as the origins and fate of the universe.

Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D., is a freelance science writer. He earned a B.A. in biology from West Virginia University and a Ph.D. in physiology from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. He has over 25 years experience in biomedical research, science education, and science writing.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/fundamental-forces-of-nature.htm

 

The wild-haired brilliant guy behind the first force we're going to talk about

This little guy is about to find out what gravity is all about. 

C'mon, everyone knows that opposites attract, even Paula Abdul.

Dr. Hideki Yukawa, right, receives the Nobel Prize for physics in Stockholm from then Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden Dec. 10, 1949, for his postulation on the meson.

The magnet core of the Large Hadron Collider might one day unite the strong force with the electroweak force.

WARP DRIVE - Warp drive is what allows the science fiction ships to get across space by moving faster than the speed of light. This is an important aspect since lightspeed is the cosmic speed limit — the universe's ultimate traffic law and barrier. As far as we know, nothing can move faster than light. According to Einstein's, it takes an infinite amount of energy to accelerate an object with mass up to the speed of light. The reason why light itself isn't affected by this fact is that photons, the particles of light, don't have any mass. As a result, it would appear that having a spacecraft traveling at (or exceeding) the speed of light is simply impossible. Using a warp drive would be distinctively different from traveling across the universe using wormholes. These are theoretical structures that allow spaceships to travel from one point to another by tunneling through hyperspace. They would let ships take a shortcut since they technically remain bound to normal space-time.

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Warp Drive

Is Warp Drive From Star Trek Possible?

by John P. Millis, Ph.D 

One of the key plot devices in nearly every "Star Trek" episode and movie is the ability of starships to travel at lightspeed and beyond.

This happens thanks to a propulsion system known as warp drive. It sounds "science-fictiony" and it is. Warp drive doesn't actually exist, yet.

However, in theory, some version of this propulsion system could be created from the idea — given enough time, money, and materials.

Perhaps the main reason why it seems to be possible is that it hasn't been disproven yet.

So, there is hope for a future with FTL (faster-than-light) travel, only it doesn't seem that it will happen any time soon.

What Is Warp Drive?

Warp drive is what allows the science fiction ships to get across space by moving faster than the speed of light.

This is an important aspect since lightspeed is the cosmic speed limit — the universe's ultimate traffic law and barrier.

As far as we know, nothing can move faster than light.

According to Einstein's theories on relativity, it takes an infinite amount of energy to accelerate an object with mass up to the speed of light.

(The reason why light itself isn't affected by this fact is that photons, the particles of light, don't have any mass.)

As a result, it would appear that having a spacecraft traveling at (or exceeding) the speed of light is simply impossible.

Yet, there are two loopholes. One is that there doesn't seem to be a prohibition on traveling as close as possible to lightspeed.

And the second one is that when we talk about the impossibility of reaching the speed of light, we are talking about the propulsion of objects.

However, the idea of warp drive is not necessarily based on the ships or objects themselves flying at the speed of light.

Warp Drive vs. Wormholes

Using a warp drive would be distinctively different from traveling across the universe using wormholes. 

These are theoretical structures that allow spaceships to travel from one point to another by tunneling through hyperspace.

Effectively, they would let ships take a shortcut since they technically remain bound to normal space-time.

A positive byproduct of this is that the starship can get around undesirable effects such as time dilation and massive acceleration effects on the human body, which would really ruin the science fiction storylines.

The Idea of Warp

Our current understanding of physics and how light travels excludes objects from reaching such a velocity yet does not exclude the possibility of space itself traveling at or beyond the speed of light.

In fact, some people who have examined the problem claim that in the early universe, space-time expanded at superluminal speed, if only for a very short interval.

If these hypotheses are proven true, a warp drive could take advantage of this loophole, subsequently leaving scientists with the question of how to generate the enormous energy needed to move space-time.

You can think of warp drive in this way: a warp drive is what creates the immense amount of energy that contracts the time-space in front of the starship while equally expanding space-time at the rear, ultimately creating a warp bubble.

This would cause space-time to cascade by the bubble — the ship staying stationary to its local area as the warp proceeds to a new destination at superluminal progression.

Motivated by his fascination with Gene Roddenberry's revolutionary plot driver, Mexican scientist Miguel Alcubierre proved that warp drive was, in fact, consistent with the actual laws governing the universe.

In his late-20th-century design, known as the Alcubierre drive, the starship rides a "wave" of space-time, much like a surfer rides a wave on the ocean.

Warp Challenges

Despite Alcubierre's proof and the fact that there is nothing in our current understanding of theoretical physics that prohibits a warp drive from being developed, the whole idea is still in the realm of speculation, and our current technology isn't quite there yet.

People ARE working on ways to achieve such a feat, but there are many issues yet to be solved. 

Negative Mass

The creation and movement of a warp bubble necessitate the space in front of it to annihilate while the space at the back would rapidly grow.

The annihilating space is what we refer to as negative mass or negative energy, a highly theoretical type of matter that hasn't been "found" yet.

Yet, three theories have moved us closer to the reality of negative mass. Casimir effect lays out a setup where two parallel mirrors are positioned in a vacuum.

When we move them extremely close to one another, it appears that the energy between them is lower than the energy around them, thus creating what we call negative energy, even if only in minuscule amounts.

As of 2018, scientists from the University of Rochester demonstrated another possibility for the creation of negative mass using lasers.

Even though these discoveries are inching humanity closer to a functioning warp drive, these minute amounts are a far reach from the magnitude of negative energy density that is needed to travel 200 times FTL (which is the velocity needed to get to the nearest star in a reasonable amount of time).

Perhaps most importantly, in 2016, scientists at LIGO (the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) proved that space-time can "warp" and bend in the presence of enormous gravitational fields. 

Amount of Energy

With Alcubierre’s design in 1994, and then Natario’s in 2001, it seemed that the sheer amount of energy required to create the necessary expansion and contraction of space-time would exceed the output of the Sun, during its lifespan of 10 billion years.

However, further research was able to lower the amount of negative energy down to that of a gas giant planet, which still seems to be rather difficult to come up with.

One theory is to use massive amounts of energy extracted from matter-antimatter annihilations — explosions of same particles with opposing charges — in the "warp core" of the ship.

Traveling With Warp Drive

Even if we succeeded in using, say, gravitational waves to bend the time-space around a given spaceship and/or creating negative energy that would do the same, and if, at the same time, we succeeded in harnessing immense amounts of energy, more questions would come up regarding warp drive travel.

Scientists are theorizing that along with our interstellar travel, our warp bubble would potentially collect a large number of particles, which could cause massive explosions upon arrival.

Another possible issue connected to this is the matter of how to navigate the whole warp bubble and the question of how we would communicate with Earth.

Conclusion

Technically, we are still a long way away from warp drive capabilities and interstellar travel, but with the acceleration of technology and computers, maybe we are not that far off.

With the recent advancements in science and the drive to push innovation, people like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos who aspire to make us a space-faring civilization are the stimuli needed to crack the code of warp drive.

For the first time in decades, there is a rock-and-roll-like excitement about space flight. This is another essential piece in the quest to become masters of the universe.

John P. Millis, Ph.D

Introduction

Chairman, Department of Physical Sciences and Engineering at Anderson University

Associate Professor of Physics

Ph.D. in Physics and Astronomy at Purdue University

Conducts astronomical research at the VERITAS observatory

Experience

John Millis, Ph.D., is a former writer for ThoughtCo, where he contributed articles on space and astronomy for three years. He has taught physics and astronomy at the collegiate level since 2001 and is currently the chair of the Department of Physical Sciences and Engineering at Anderson University in Indiana. He teaches a wide variety of courses while maintaining an active research program in high energy astrophysics.

John's research focus is on pulsars, pulsar wind nebulae, and supernova remnants. Using the VERITAS gamma-ray observatory in southern Arizona, he studies the very high energy radiation from these dynamic sources to extract information about their formation and emission mechanisms. In 2010, he co-founded a small consulting business, Aurum Consulting, LLC, assisting with biological testing, chemical formulations, and product development.

Education

Dr. John Millis received a Bachelor of Science in physics, with a mathematics minor from Purdue University. He remained at Purdue for the completion of his Doctor of Philosophy degree, where he focused on High Energy Astrophysics.

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

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https://www.thoughtco.com/is-warp-drive-possible-3072122