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Friday, January 29, 2021

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY - Energy is neither created nor destroyed - The law of conservation of energy is a physical law that states energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be changed from one form to another. Another way of stating this law of chemistry is to say the total energy of an isolated system remains constant or is conserved within a given frame of reference. In classical mechanics, conservation of mass and conversation of energy are considered to be two separate laws. However, in special relativity, matter may be converted into energy and vice versa, according to the famous equation E = mc2. Thus, it's more appropriate to say mass-energy is conserved. One interesting consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that it means perpetual motion machines of the first kind are not possible. In other words, a system must have an external power supply to continuously deliver unlimited energy to its surroundings. It's also worth noting that it's not always possible to define conservation of energy because not all systems have time translation symmetry. For example, conservation of energy may not be defined for time crystals or for curved space times. If a stick of dynamite explodes, for example, the chemical energy contained within the dynamite changes into kinetic energy, heat, and light. If all this energy is added together, it will equal the starting chemical energy value. The law of conservation of energy is a physical law that states energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be changed from one form to another. Another way of stating this law of chemistry is to say the total energy of an isolated system remains constant or is conserved within a given frame of reference.

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The Law of Conservation of Energy Defined

Energy is neither created nor destroyed

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

The law of conservation of energy is a physical law that states energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be changed from one form to another.

Another way of stating this law of chemistry is to say the total energy of an isolated system remains constant or is conserved within a given frame of reference.

In classical mechanics, conservation of mass and conversation of energy are considered to be two separate laws.

However, in special relativity, matter may be converted into energy and vice versa, according to the famous equation E = mc².

Thus, it's more appropriate to say mass-energy is conserved.

Example of Conservation of Energy

If a stick of dynamite explodes, for example, the chemical energy contained within the dynamite changes into kinetic energy, heat, and light.

If all this energy is added together, it will equal the starting chemical energy value.

Consequence of Conservation of Energy

One interesting consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that it means perpetual motion machines of the first kind are not possible.

In other words, a system must have an external power supply to continuously deliver unlimited energy to its surroundings.

It's also worth noting that it's not always possible to define conservation of energy because not all systems have time translation symmetry.

For example, conservation of energy may not be defined for time crystals or for curved space times.

Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Chemistry Expert

Education

Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville

B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College

Introduction

Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville - Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Science educator with experience teaching chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels.

ThoughtCo and About Education chemistry expert since 2001.

Widely-published graphic artist, responsible for printable periodic tables and other illustrations used in science.

Experience

Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D. has covered chemistry for ThoughtCo and About Education since 2001, and other sciences since 2013. She taught chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels. She has worked as a research scientist and also abstracting and indexing diverse scientific literature for the Department of Energy.

In addition to her work as a science writer, Dr. Helmenstine currently serves as a scientific consultant, specializing in problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Previously, she worked as a research scientist and college professor.

Education

Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and a B.A. in physics and mathematics with a minor in chemistry from Hastings College. In her doctoral work, Dr. Helmenstine developed ultra-sensitive chemical detection and medical diagnostic tests.

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

ThoughtCo is a premier reference site focusing on expert-created education content. We are one of the top-10 information sites in the world as rated by comScore, a leading Internet measurement company. Every month, more than 13 million readers seek answers to their questions on ThoughtCo.

For more than 20 years, Dotdash brands have been helping people find answers, solve problems, and get inspired. We are one of the top-20 largest content publishers on the Internet according to comScore, and reach more than 30% of the U.S. population monthly. Our brands collectively have won more than 20 industry awards in the last year alone, and recently Dotdash was named Publisher of the Year by Digiday, a leading industry publication.

https://www.thoughtco.com/law-of-conservation-of-energy-605849

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Thursday, January 28, 2021

CAN SOMETHING MOVE EVEN FASTER THAN SPEED OF LIGHT? IMPOSSIBLE - Our textbooks usually imply that nothing can travel faster than the light. But, this statement needs to be dissected at a granular level to be understood. The Distant Stars in the unchartered Space cannot be discovered, if we never break the Light Barrier. Hence, there is a need to ask this crucial question, ‘if there is anything that travels faster than light.’ The basis on which these textbooks justify the statement is the special theory of relativity, which explains that this may be achieved only by particles with zero rest mass. The hypothesis of the existence of Tachyons particles put the debate to rest that it is possible for Tachyons to travel at superluminal speeds. However, physicists disagree on the possibility of the existence of such particles, given they do not obey causality, and an infinite amount of energy would be required to move them at such high speeds. The following statement explains the phenomenon appropriately. The faster something travels, the more massive it gets, and the more time slows – until you finally reach the speed of light, at which point time stops altogether. This is the reason why the particles become extremely massive when most of the modern particle accelerators achieve superluminal speeds. The rate at which space is expanding is far greater than the speed of light and that is why light cannot travel across the universe.

Faster Than Speed Of Light

Can Something Move Even Faster Than Speed Of Light? Impossible

Sara Aftab

Wonderful Engineering

Our textbooks usually imply that nothing can travel faster than the light.

But, this statement needs to be dissected at a granular level to be understood.

The Distant Stars in the unchartered Space cannot be discovered, if we never break the Light Barrier.

Hence, there is a need to ask this crucial question, ‘if there is anything that travels faster than light.’

The basis on which these textbooks justify the statement is the special theory of relativity, which explains that this may be achieved only by particles with zero rest mass.

The hypothesis of the existence of Tachyons particles put the debate to rest that it is possible for Tachyons to travel at superluminal speeds.

However, physicists disagree on the possibility of the existence of such particles, given they do not obey causality, and an infinite amount of energy would be required to move them at such high speeds.

The following statement explains the phenomenon appropriately.

The Faster Something Travels, The More Massive It Gets, And The More Time Slows – Until You Finally Reach The Speed Of Light, At Which Point Time Stops Altogether

This is the reason why the particles become extremely massive when most of the modern particle accelerators achieve superluminal speeds.

Some of the events that occur at superluminal speeds are as follows.

EXPANSION OF SPACE

After Big Bang, the Expansion of universe took place much faster than the speed of light.

The current evidence of the fact can be seen in the phenomenon called Metric Expansion of Space.

The rate at which space is expanding is far greater than the speed of light and that is why light cannot travel across the universe.

Since no particles are involved in the expansion of the universe and its vacuum, it can travel at such high speeds.

FLASHLIGHT SHIFT

Imagine you had a flashlight or a laser pointing at the moon, and you quickly moved it to another heavenly body.

Now, in theory, this would qualify as the beam of light traveling a distance of say, many light years away from the moon to this object in a matter of seconds, making the beam travel faster than light.

If the flashlight was a laser or just the plain flashlight, the point remains that ‘no material object’ has traveled with that speed. Also note that laser is a particular kind of light.

QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT

Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon where a pair or group particles form a bond when brought close to each other.

Even when separated, the quantum state of such pairs and groups is not defined independently of each other.

Simply understood, if two electrons are made to vibrate close to each other, they will do so in unison.

Once separated, the electrons will behave as if connected with a USB cable or an umbilical cord, even if physically they are located light years away from each other.

If one electron is deliberately moved, the other will detect this movement in an instance, much faster than the speed of light.

However, useful information transfer is not possible using Quantum Entanglement, since this barrier breach of light is random and chaotic. More on this at ERP Experiment.

EXOTIC MATTER

One way to break light barrier is to travel through Exotic/Negative Matter, which comprises of Tachyons particles, discussed earlier.

So we know that there is no evidence or agreement for the existence of such matter.

However, there are two ways to achieve that, hypothetically speaking,

1. Much like the Time-Space warps shown in movies, these warps can help you teleport from one place to another in no time. Compressing the space in front and expanding the space behind, push yourself into a space-time warp.

A model of ‘folded’ space-time illustrates how a wormhole bridge
might form with at least two mouths that are connected to a single throat or tube
(via Space)

2. By using the Wormhole, also a hypothesis. Wormholes supposedly are tunnel-like structures that connect different points in spacetime that may be billions of light years away from each other. Traveling through a wormhole will take place at speed of light locally.

Almost everyone of us wants to know what traveling at the speed of light feels like, however, it’s best not to become massive while doing so!

Wonderful Engineering is a community of international engineers who are transforming our lives through their innovative design and smart engineering. Join to appreciate others and to get inspiration to continue innovation.

Our Office is located in Bath St, Glasgow, England where our team of 5 engineers from diverse specializations bring you all the news. Join our facebook page here for staying in touch with cutting-edge engineering and regular updates.

https://wonderfulengineering.com/move-faster-light-speed/

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Wednesday, September 27, 2017

E=mc2 - Albert Einstein - When Einstein wrote that equation down, he meant something different, usually referred to as "relativistic mass." Energy is mass. Mass is energy. They are equivalent; they are equal. They are the same thing. Momentum has energy. Speed has an energy associated with it – kinetic energy. A hot cup of coffee literally weighs more than a cold cup. A fast-moving spaceship literally weighs more than a slow one.

Albert Einstein's famous equation is both powerful and
complex as well as simple, when boiled down to its essence.

E=mc²

Why Does E=mc²?

By Paul Sutter, The Ohio State University

Let's play a game! The speed of light is just a number, right?

If you define your units, for example, what a "meter" and a "second" are, you can say that the speed of light is around 300,000,000 meters per second.

Or 670,000,000 "miles" per "hour," whatever those are.

What if, instead, we just said the speed of light was equal to…1. Just 1.

So, 1 what? I said: just 1. No miles, no seconds, no fortnights, no leagues. Just…1.

We're allowed to do it, because it's just a number, and we're picking a system where speed has no units.

In this system, a jet airliner cruises at a snail's pace of 0.000001, or 0.0001 percent of the speed of light.

Two of the fastest human-made objects, the Helios probes, zoomed around the solar system at a whopping 0.00025! Look at them go!

Now that we've defined the speed of light to be 1, let's look at the most famous equation in physics: E = mc².

We know all the bits, but let's refresh: E is for energy, m is for mass and c is the constant speed of light.

But in our newfangled unit system (called, for the technically minded, geometrized units), c equals 1, and that famous equation boils down to its essence:

E = m.

I'll even spell it out:

Energy = mass.

It doesn't get any clearer than that, folks.

Energy is mass. Mass is energy. They are equivalent; they are equal. They are the same thing.

Wait, wait, wait, you say as you look at me suspiciously. What about light?

Photons don't have any mass, but they sure do have plenty of energy. How else do plants eat?

You're right, photons don't have mass. But they do have momentum, which is how things like light sails (also called solar sails) get the oomph they need to glide around the solar system: Their propulsion comes from the sun's radiation pressure.

And momentum has energy. But where's the momentum in E=m? It's looking like we don't have enough letters to cram it in.

The confusion comes about from the "m" used in E=m.

We normally think of "mass" as something concrete and simple. Hold a rock in your hand; it has mass. Throw it, and it has mass and momentum.

But that's not the "m" in E=m.

Instead, when Einstein wrote that equation down, he meant something different, usually referred to as "relativistic mass."

That term isn't used so much nowadays, because it causes so much head-scratching.

Let's take a step back and see what Einstein was thinking.

You remember kindergarten-level special relativity, and hearing things like "it's impossible to move at the speed of light, because the faster something goes, the more mass it has. To get to the speed of light, it has infinite mass, so it would be impossible to push!"

Yeah, well now it's time for first-grade-level special relativity.

A fundamental aspect of our universe is that there's a universal (and I really mean universal) speed limit: the same speed that light goes.

No matter what, you can never crack that speed. Let's see how that plays out in practice:

Let's say I give you a nice, solid shove and send you flying away at 0.9 — that is, 9/10th the speed of light.

What if I catch up to you and give you the exact same shove, again.

You won't be going 18/10th the speed of light, because that's not allowed. You'll get closer to the speed of light, but never cross it.

So for the exact same force that I impact on your hopeless self, I don't move you as fast. I get less bang for the buck.

And the closer you get to the speed of light, the less effective my shoves will be: the first one may get you to 0.9, then the second to 0.99, then 0.999, then 0.9999.

Diminishing returns every time. In fact, it's as if you were getting more massive. That's exactly what more mass means: You get harder to push.

So what's going on? The answer is energy.

You still have the same old normal, everyday, rest mass that you always had.

But you're going really, really fast. And that speed has an energy associated with it – kinetic energy.

So it's like all that kinetic energy is acting like extra mass; either way I count it, you get harder to push, because of that fundamental speed limit.

In other words, you can say that energy is mass. Huh, whaddaya know.

Back to the "m" in E=m.

When physicists first started playing with those equations, they were well aware of the universal speed limit and its nonintuitive consequence that you get harder to push the faster you go.

So they encapsulated that concept into a single variable: the relativistic mass, which combines both the normal, everyday mass and the "effective" mass you gain from having loads of kinetic energy.

When we break up "m" into its different parts, we get:

E² = m² + p²

Or bringing back our friend c:

E² = m²c⁴ + p²c²

And we have another character joining the party: p, for momentum.

Photons don't have mass, but they do have momentum, so they still get energy.

In this view, mass is a kind of energy. But I just said above that energy acts like mass. What's the deal? Are we just talking in circles?

No. Mass is energy. Energy is mass. You can count things energywise or masswise. It doesn't matter. They’re the same thing.

A hot cup of coffee literally weighs more than a cold cup.

A fast-moving spaceship literally weighs more than a slow one.

A rock — or an atomic nucleus — is a compact, bundled-up ball of energy, and sometimes we can tease some of that energy out for a big boom.

Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook, Twitter and Google+. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This version of the article was originally published on Live Science.

Paul Sutter is an astrophysicist at The Ohio State University and the chief scientist at COSI Science Center. Sutter is also host of the podcastsAsk a Spaceman and RealSpace, and the YouTube series Space In Your Face. Sutter contributed this article to Live Science's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.

https://www.livescience.com/54852-why-does-e-mc-2.html

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