FREE ENERGY DEFINED - Is It Possible and How Would It Work? - Free energy exists, although it’s not free to convert into a form we can use. Renewable energy, much cleaner than energy from fossil fuel, is as close to free energy as things get today, with solar, wind, water and geothermal among the most effective. The beauty of such free energy sources is that they exist in nature. There is no need to mine, ignite, dredge or frack. The key to tapping into these sources is finding ways to convert free energy into a form that meets power needs. A majority of scientists agree that burning fossils fuels contributes to global warming. The resulting climate change helps create more severe weather, such as powerful hurricanes and higher sea levels. And even for those who don’t think climate change is caused in part by humans, there is no doubt that fossil fuel is a finite resource. Oil, natural gas – it’s going to run out, one day. And long before that day, prices for the reduced supply will make gas a niche item bought only by those with a lot of cash. Better alternatives are needed. Here are some of the most used renewable sources. All are provided free by nature. The most amazing source of energy sits at the center of our solar system. The sun generates so much energy that it would take exploding 100 billion tons of dynamite every second to match what it produces. Converting what the sun produces into usable energy is an ongoing process, but more homes use continue to add solar panels.

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Free Energy Defined

Is It Possible and How Would It Work?

by Matthew Speer

 

Free energy exists, although it’s not free to convert into a form we can use.

Renewable energy, much cleaner than energy from fossil fuel, is as close to free energy as things get today, with solar, wind, water and geothermal among the most effective.

The beauty of such free energy sources is that they exist in nature. There is no need to mine, ignite, dredge or frack.

The key to tapping into these sources is finding ways to convert free energy into a form that meets power needs.

The need for better energy is clear.

A majority of scientists agree that burning fossils fuels contributes to global warming. The resulting climate change helps create more severe weather, such as powerful hurricanes and higher sea levels.

And even for those who don’t think climate change is caused in part by humans, there is no doubt that fossil fuel is a finite resource.

Oil, natural gas – it’s going to run out, one day. And long before that day, prices for the reduced supply will make gas a niche item bought only by those with a lot of cash.

Better alternatives are needed. Here are some of the most used renewable sources. All are provided free by nature.

Solar

The most amazing source of energy sits at the center of our solar system.

The sun generates so much energy that it would take exploding 100 billion tons of dynamite every second to match what it produces.

Converting what the sun produces into usable energy is an ongoing process, but more homes use continue to add solar panels.

And the sun is not expected to run out of energy for about 5 billion years.

Maybe by then, we can know how to tap into the energy from the other 100 billion stars in the Milky Way.

Wind

You may notice entire hillsides covered with wind turbines, especially if you drive through West Texas or parts of California.

Wind is generated by the Earth’s rotation and differences in air pressure.

As with all sources of free energy provided by nature, the trick is in converting the wind’s energy into something that can be used by humans. Wind turbines accomplish that task.

Water

Hydroelectric dams have been in use for decades. They take the energy created by rushing water and convert it into electricity that can be used in homes.

Typically, the dam traps water in a reservoir. When released, the rushing water spins a turbine that activates a generator that produces electricity.

Wave energy is another means of producing power from water. Generators placed on the surface of the ocean are powered by waves that flow through them.

Geothermal

Inside the Earth is a core of geothermal energy. Just consider the power of a volcano, a dramatic example of geothermal matter bursting to the surface.

Power plants on the surface tap into geothermal energy by accessing steam or water reserves inside of the Earth. The resulting heat drives electricity generators.

These are some of the major free, renewable energy sources provided by the Earth itself.

Because they produce energy at lower rates than combusting fossil fuel, using them may require changes in society.

But they certainly help the planet’s overall health and provide much more sustainable energy.

Matthew Speer is a Marketing and Advertising Executive that has worked with companies like AOL and U.S. News University Connection. He also has a passion for sustainability and keeping the Earth a beautiful place for our future generations which is why he helped create iSustainableEarth.com. Inspired by his own family and taking strides to go green he strives to live a sustainable lifestyle through research and action.

http://www.isustainableearth.com/energyefficiency/free-energy-defined-how-it-works

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THE CONCAVE MIRROR AND THE CONVEX MIRROR - The concave mirror is a converging mirror so that it is used for many purposes. It is used as a torch to reflect the light. It is used in the aircraft landing at the airports to guide the aeroplanes. It is used in shaving to get an enlarged and erect image of the face. The concave mirror is used in front lights of cars to reflect the light. It is used in marine lighthouses that are found at the marine ports and at the airports to guide the ships and it is used in the solar ovens. The concave mirror is used in the solar ovens and the solar furnaces to collect a large amount of solar energy in the focus of the mirror for cooking food, heating water, recharging power backups, or melting metals respectively. Concave mirrors are used in satellite dishes. They are used in telescopes, dentists and ENT doctors use them to obtain a larger image than the original of the teeth, ear or skin, etc. Concave mirrors are used in the electron microscopes and magnifying glasses. They are used in the visual bomb detectors and they are used in the flashlight mirror of the camera. The real image is formed as a result of the intersection of the reflected light rays. It can be received on a screen and it is always inverted. The virtual image is formed as a result of the intersection of the reflected light rays extensions. It can not be received on a screen and it is always erect (upright). The focus of the concave mirror is produced due to the collection of the reflected rays emitted from a far object such as the sun.

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The Concave Mirror And The Convex Mirror

Uses of the concave mirror and the convex mirror in our daily life

BY HEBA SOFFAR

 

Uses of the concave mirror

The concave mirror is a converging mirror so that it is used for many purposes.

It is used as a torch to reflect the light.

It is used in the aircraft landing at the airports to guide the aeroplanes,

It is used in shaving to get an enlarged and erect image of the face.

The concave mirror is used in front lights of cars to reflect the light.

It is used in marine lighthouses that are found at the marine ports and at the airports to guide the ships and it is used in the solar ovens.

The concave mirror is used in the solar ovens and the solar furnaces to collect a large amount of solar energy in the focus of the mirror for cooking food, heating water, recharging power backups, or melting metals respectively.

Concave mirrors are used in satellite dishes.

They are used in telescopes, dentists and ENT doctors use them to obtain a larger image than the original of the teeth, ear or skin, etc.

Concave mirrors are used in the electron microscopes and magnifying glasses.

They are used in the visual bomb detectors and they are used in the flashlight mirror of the camera.

Real image and Virtual image

The real image is formed as a result of the intersection of the reflected light rays.

It can be received on a screen and it is always inverted.

The virtual image is formed as a result of the intersection of the reflected light rays extensions.

It can not be received on a screen and it is always erect (upright).

The focus of the concave mirror

The focus of the concave mirror is produced due to the collection of the reflected rays emitted from a far object such as the sun.

The rays after being reflected collect in one lit point which is called the focus of the mirror that can be received on the screen.

The distance between the focus of the mirror and the pole of the mirror = ½ the radius of mirror curvature and it is called the focal length of the mirror.

When the incident light ray is parallel to the principal axis.

It reflects passing through the focus. When the incident light ray that passes through the focus, it reflects parallel to the principal axis.

When the incident light ray that passes through the center of curvature, It reflects back on itself.

Cases of formation of the images by the concave mirror

When the position of the object is very far, the position of the image is at the focus, the image is real and very tiny (dot).

The object is at a distance greater than the radius of curvature (after the center of curvature).

The image is at a distance greater than the focal length but less than the double of focal length (between the focus and the curvature).

The image is real, inverted and diminished (small).

When the object is at the center of curvature (at a distance equals the radius of curvature), the image will be at the curvature center.

The image will real, inverted, and equal to the object.

When the object is between the center of curvature and the focus (at a distance more than the focal length but less than the radius of curvature), the image is after the center of curvature (at a distance greater than the radius of curvature), the image is real, inverted and enlarged (magnified).

When the object is between the focus and the pole (at a distance less than the focal length, the image is behind the mirror, the image is virtual, upright (erect), and magnified.

When the object is at the focus, no image is formed, the image is at infinity where the rays penetrate as parallel.

Uses of the convex mirror

The convex mirror is used as side-view mirror on the passenger’s side of a car because it forms an erect and smaller image for the way behind the car.

The convex mirror is suitable for convenient shop and big supermarket and any other corner where need anti-thief, it is used in the turning off the road and parking.

Convex mirrors are used inside the buildings.

They are also used in making lenses of sunglasses.

They are used in the magnifying glass.

They are used in securities and they are used in telescopes.

They can be used as street light reflectors because they can spread the light over a bigger area.

They are put on the corners of roads so that you can see any cars coming to avoid the collisions and they are used as ceiling dome mirrors.

Properties of the formed image by the convex mirror         

Wherever the position of the object in front of the convex mirror, the image is smaller than the object, it is upright (erect), it is virtual (not received on a screen).

Name  : Heba Soffar
Job : Telecommunication Engineer
Faculty of Engineering
Alexandria University
Electrical Engineering Department
B.Sc.Project : Wave propagation in Random and Deterministic Media
Country : Egypt

https://www.online-sciences.com/technology/uses-of-the-concave-mirror-and-the-convex-mirror-in-our-daily-life/

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT - What Is the Greenhouse Effect? - The greenhouse effect is what keeps our planet warm enough to support life. Earth is said to be in a perfect "Goldilocks zone" away from the sun (not too cold, and not too hot), which enables life to thrive on the planet's surface. But Earth's balmy temperatures would not be possible without the greenhouse effect, which traps solar energy on Earth's surface and keeps the planet warm. The greenhouse effect arises from Earth's atmosphere. Visible light from the sun, as well as invisible ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, can penetrate the gaseous layer that blankets our world. Roughly 70% of these energetic rays are absorbed by Earth's oceans, land and atmosphere, while the remaining 30% are immediately reflected back into space. As the planet's surface heats up, it releases some of the infrared energy that it had absorbed, but that energy doesn't make it back out of Earth's gaseous atmosphere. Instead of shooting back out into space, the infrared energy closely hugs our planet and, therefore, raises Earth's overall temperature. This is similar to how a human-built glass greenhouse works, trapping heat from the sun to keep plants warm in the winter. Without an atmosphere, our world would be as cold as the lifeless moon, which has an average temperature of minus 153 degrees Celsius on its far side. Because of the greenhouse effect, Earth maintains an overall average temperature of around 15 C.

 

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Greenhouse Effect

What Is the Greenhouse Effect?

By Adam Mann

 

The greenhouse effect is what keeps our planet warm enough to support life.

Earth is said to be in a perfect "Goldilocks zone" away from the sun (not too cold, and not too hot), which enables life to thrive on the planet's surface.

But Earth's balmy temperatures would not be possible without the greenhouse effect, which traps solar energy on Earth's surface and keeps the planet warm.

The greenhouse effect arises from Earth's atmosphere.

Visible light from the sun, as well as invisible ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, can penetrate the gaseous layer that blankets our world.

Roughly 70% of these energetic rays are absorbed by Earth's oceans, land and atmosphere, while the remaining 30% are immediately reflected back into space, according to NASA Earth Observatory.

Diagram depicting how the greenhouse effect works on Earth.

As the planet's surface heats up, it releases some of the infrared energy that it had absorbed, but that energy doesn't make it back out of Earth's gaseous atmosphere.

Instead of shooting back out into space, the infrared energy closely hugs our planet and, therefore, raises Earth's overall temperature.

This is similar to how a human-built glass greenhouse works, trapping heat from the sun to keep plants warm in the winter.

Without an atmosphere, our world would be as cold as the lifeless moon, which has an average temperature of minus 243 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 153 degrees Celsius) on its far side.

Because of the greenhouse effect, Earth maintains an overall average temperature of around 59 F (15 C).

Greenhouse gases and climate change

Greenhouse gases include several naturally occurring molecules — like water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone — as well as several manufactured ones, like chlorofluorocarbons, according to the Australian Department of the Environment and Energy.

Over the past century or so, human activities — such as the burning of fossil fuels, intensive agriculture, livestock raising and land clearing — have dramatically increased the concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, to the point where it's changing our planet's climate.

Factory smoke stacks releasing clouds of greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases produced by human activity are the most significant driver of climate change. 

Since the middle of the 20th century, greenhouse gases produced by humans have become the most significant driver of climate change, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have increased by more than 40% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from roughly 280 parts per million (ppm) to more than 400 ppm today. 

Fossils show that forests grew in the Canadian Arctic during the Pliocene, and savannas and woodlands spread over what's now the Sahara desert.

While some people still doubt the reality of human-induced climate change, the evidence for it is overwhelming.

Since the 1850s, the average global surface-air temperature has risen by around 1.4 F (0.8 C), and ocean temperatures are now at the highest levels ever recorded.

Increases in greenhouse gases in the coming decades are expected to harm human health, increase droughts, contribute to sea level rise, and decrease national security and economic well-being throughout the world. 

The greenhouse effect on other planets

Because the greenhouse effect is a natural process, it affects other bodies in the solar system, too.

And, in some cases, that provides a warning about how things can go awry.

A perfect example of this is Venus, which is roughly the same size as Earth and not that much closer to the sun. 

Billions of years ago, when the sun was cooler and dimmer, Venus may have had a temperate climate that could have allowed for liquid water oceans on its surface.

Simulations suggest that the planet's average temperatures ranged from a low of 68 F (20 C) to a high of 122 F (50 C) for about 3 billion years, potentially even allowing Venus to support life.

But as the sun aged and grew brighter, excess water vapor would have entered Venus' atmosphere.

This potent greenhouse gas trapped heat and raised the planet's surface temperature, leading to a vicious feedback cycle in which hotter temperatures led to more water vapor in the atmosphere, further heating the world — a process known as the runaway greenhouse effect.

When Venus' oceans vaporized, its planetary plate tectonics would have ground to a halt, as there was no water left to help lubricate the shifting of geological plates.

The increasingly thick atmosphere might have created a drag on Venus' rotation period, leading to its bizarrely slow spin, in which a year goes by with only two days passing.

The dense cloud cover also led to hellish surface temperatures on present-day Venus, with an average of 700 F (370 C) — hot enough to melt lead.

"I think Venus is an important warning: Greenhouse atmospheres are not theoretical," Ellen Stofan, director of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum and former chief scientist at NASA, previously told Space.com.

On Mars, greenhouse gases such as water and carbon dioxide might have been released during ancient impact events.

Some scientists speculate that such wallops could have raised Mars' overall temperature enough for the planet to have liquid water on its surface for significant lengths of time.

However, because Mars is smaller than Earth, it's gravitational pull is weaker. Therefore, these gases drifted away, and eventually, the Red Planet reverted back to the cold and dry world it is today.

Saturn's distant moon Titan, which has a thick nitrogen atmosphere with about a thousand times greater concentration of methane as Earth, is also subject to the greenhouse effect.

With data from the European Space Agency's Huygens probe, which landed on Titan in 2005, researchers are getting a better understanding of how methane absorbs short-wavelength infrared radiation and are using that information to develop climate change models of our planet.

The greenhouse effect is also expected to warm the worlds of other star systems.

Many astronomers speak of a narrow habitable zone around a star — the area where a planet would be at the perfect distance to maintain liquid water on its surface, between 0.95 and 1.4 times the Earth-sun distance.

However, others have argued that such models need to be broadened.

A thick atmosphere of molecular hydrogen, which is a potent greenhouse gas, could potentially give a world clement temperatures even if it were 15 times farther from the sun than Earth is.

Adam Mann is a journalist specializing in astronomy and physics stories. His work has appeared in the Wall Street Journal, Wired, Nature, Science, New Scientist, and many other places. He lives in Oakland, California, where he enjoys riding his bike. Follow him on Twitter @adamspacemann.

https://www.space.com/greenhouse-effect.html