Sunday, July 8, 2018

ADSORPTION - Adsorption is defined as the adhesion of a chemical species onto the surface of particles. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon in which particles or molecules bind to the top layer of a material. Absorption, on the other hand, goes deeper, involving the entire volume of the absorbent. Absorption is the filling of pores or holes in a substance.

Activated carbon is a common material used for adsorption.
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Adsorption

Adsorption Definition (Chemistry)

by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Adsorption is defined as the adhesion of a chemical species onto the surface of particles.

German physicist Heinrich Kayser coined the term "adsorption" in 1881.

Adsorption is a different process from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution.

In adsorption, the gas or liquid particles bind to the solid or liquid surface that is termed the adsorbent. The particles form an atomic or molecular adsorbate film.

Isotherms are used to describe adsorption because temperature has a significant effect on the process.

The quantity of adsorbate bound to the adsorbent is expressed as a function of pressure of concentration at a constant temperature.

Several isotherm models have been developed to describe adsorption, including the linear, Freundlich, Langmuir, BET (after Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller), and Kisliuk theories.

IUPAC Definition of Adsorption

The IUPAC definition of adsorption is the "Increase in the concentration of a substance at the interface of a condensed and a liquid or gaseous layer owing to the operation of surface forces."

Examples of Adsorption

Examples of adsorbents include:

silica gel
alumina
activated carbon or charcoal
zeolites
adsorption chillers used with refrigerants
biomaterials that adsorb proteins

Adsorption is the first stage of a virus life cycle.

Some scientists consider the video game Tetris a model for the process of adsorption of shaped molecules onto flat surfaces.

Adsorption vs. Absorption

Adsorption is a surface phenomenon in which particles or molecules bind to the top layer of a material.

Absorption, on the other hand, goes deeper, involving the entire volume of the absorbent. Absorption is the filling of pores or holes in a substance.

Terms Related To Adsorption

Sorption: This encompasses both adsorption and absorption processes.

Desorption: The reverse process of sorption. The reverse of adsorption or absorption.

Characteristics of Adsorbents

Typically, adsorbents have small pore diameters so that there is a high surface area to facilitate adsorption. The pore size usually ranges between 0.25 and 5 mm.

Industrial adsorbents have high thermal stability and resistance to abrasion. Depending on the application, the surface may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

Both polar and nonpolar adsorbents exist.

The adsorbents come in many shapes, including rods, pellets, and molded shapes.

There are three major classes of industrial adsorbents:

carbon-based compounds (e.g., graphite, activated charcoal)
oxygen-based compounds (e.g., zeolites, silica)
polymer-base compound

How Adsorption Works

Adsorption depends on surface energy. Surface atoms of the adsorbent are partially exposed so they can attract the adsorbate molecules.

Adsorption may result from electrostatic attraction, chemisorption, or physisorption.

Uses of Adsorption

There are many applications of the adsorption process, including:

Adsorption is used to cool water for air conditioning units.
Activated charcoal is used for aquarium filtration and home water filtration.
Silica gel is used to prevent moisture from damaging electronics and clothing.
Adsorbents are used to increase the capacity of carbide-derived carbons.
Adsorbents are used to produce non-stick coatings on surfaces.
Adsorption may be used to extend the exposure time of specific drugs.
Zeolites are used to remove carbon dioxide from natural gas, remove carbon monoxide from reforming gas, for catalytic cracking, and other processes.
The process is used in chemistry labs for ion-exchange and chromatography.

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source: freedrinkingwater.com

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Saturday, July 7, 2018

LIGHTNING STRIKES - Lightning is a very dangerous force that, yes, can even reach you indoors if you're in contact with the telephone or plumbing. If lightning strikes the phone line outside your house, the strike will travel to every phone on the line -- and potentially to you if you are holding the phone. So, if you are indoors during a lightning storm, stay off the phone. If you must call someone, use a cordless or cell phone -- that way, you're not in contact with any wires that run outdoors.

Lightning has the ability to strike a house or near a house and impart an electrical charge to the metal pipes used for plumbing.

When Lightning Strikes

Can I get struck by lightning when I'm indoors?

Over 1,000 people get struck by lightning every year in the United States, and over 100 of them die as a result of the strike.

Lightning is a very dangerous force that, yes, can even reach you indoors if you're in contact with the telephone or plumbing.

If lightning strikes the phone line outside your house, the strike will travel to every phone on the line -- and potentially to you if you are holding the phone.

So, if you are indoors during a lightning storm, stay off the phone. If you must call someone, use a cordless or cell phone -- that way, you're not in contact with any wires that run outdoors.

Stay away from plumbing pipes like your bath tub or shower, as well.

Lightning has the ability to strike a house or near a house and impart an electrical charge to the metal pipes used for plumbing.

If you're touching those pipes or anything connected to those pipes, that electrical charge has a path to you.

This threat is not as great as it used to be, because PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is often used for indoor plumbing these days.

If you are not sure what your pipes are made of, wait it out.

And while you're at it, switch off your appliances and electronics before the storm hits.

Such devices as your computer, television and air conditioner all provide potential pathways between the lightning and you.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/storms/question681.htm

PHTHALATES IN COSMETICS - Manufacturers use phthalates because they cling to the skin and nails to give perfumes, hair gels and nail polishes more staying power. Shown to damage the liver, kidneys, lungs and reproductive systems in animal studies, phthalates can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled.

Phthalates in Cosmetics

Are Phthalates in Cosmetics Dangerous?

Campaign Alerts Consumers to Health Risks of Phthalates in Many Cosmetics

by Larry West

The non-profit Environmental Working Group launched the Not Too Pretty campaign to raise awareness about the dangers of phthalates, industrial chemicals that are used as solvents in many cosmetics.

Most of the mainstream hair sprays, deodorants, nail polishes and perfumes that millions of people use every day contain these harmful chemicals.

Phthalates are also employed as plastic softeners in many different consumer products, including children’s toys and medical devices.

Why Are Phthalates Dangerous?

Shown to damage the liver, kidneys, lungs and reproductive systems in animal studies, phthalates can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled.

Scientists at government agencies in both the U.S. and Canada agree that exposure to the chemicals could cause a wide range of health and reproductive problems in people.

It has been very difficult, however, to determine the minimum level of exposure when these problems arise.

For many of us, our exposure to phthalates may be low on any given day, but we absorb these small quantities of chemicals frequently, over decades.

Manufacturers use phthalates because they cling to the skin and nails to give perfumes, hair gels and nail polishes more staying power.

But a recent study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that five percent of women between age 20 and 40 had up to 45 times more phthalates in their bodies than researchers initially hypothesized.

CDC found phthalates in virtually every person tested, but the largest concentrations -- 20 times higher than the rest of the population -- were found in women of child-bearing age.

Another study, led by Dr. Shanna Swan of the University of Missouri, identified developmental abnormalities in male infants correlating to high phthalate levels in their mothers’ bodies.

More studies associated phthalates breast cancer and with hormonal disruptions in young girls and women.

Currently, potential links to obesity and metabolic issues are being investigated.

Industry Group Denies Risk

Meanwhile, the industry-backed American Chemistry Council asserts, “There is no reliable evidence that any phthalate has ever caused a health problem for a human from its intended use.”

The group accuses organizations of “cherry picking” results “showing impacts on test animals to create unwarranted concern about these products.”

But EWG spokesperson Lauren E. Sucher urges people - especially women who are pregnant, nursing or planning on becoming pregnant - to avoid phthalates.

EWG maintains a free online database named "Skin Deep," which list lotions, creams and polishes that contain phthalates.

It also provides information on many other chemical compounds found in products beyond just cosmetics, including sunscreens, baby products, and toothpaste.

Banned in Europe, Not U.S. or Canada

A 2003 European Union directive bans phthalates in cosmetics sold in Europe, but U.S. and Canadian regulators have not been so proactive, despite mounting evidence of potential harm.

Health advocates were temporarily relieved when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that it would begin enforcing a 1975 law requiring labels on products with ingredients that haven't been safety tested.

But such labels remain to be seen, even though 99 percent of cosmetics contain one or more untested ingredients.

Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Frederic Beaudry is an associate professor of environmental science and a wildlife biologist with interests in a broad range of environmental issues.

Experience

Dr. Beaudry teaches courses in environmental sciences at Alfred University, New York. Prior to teaching, he worked as a wildlife biologist focusing on the ecology and conservation of birds and turtles. He has authored several scientific papers on land use and conservation. His current research examines land use changes and their effects on bird and amphibian communities.

Education

Dr. Beaudry has a BS in Biology from the Université du Québec à Rimouski, a master's degree in Natural Resources from Humboldt State University, and a PhD in Wildlife Ecology from the University of Maine. He conducted postdoctoral research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Frederic Beaudry

"Strong science has greatly developed our understanding of environmental issues in the last decade. I am hoping to connect readers with sound information about new developments affecting our air, water, soil, and biodiversity. We are in charge of our health, that of our land, and of the plants and animals that depend on it."

https://www.thoughtco.com/are-phthalates-in-cosmetics-dangerous-1204027

You might also like:

Toxic Chemicals in Cosmetics

CLICK HERE . . .

http://puricare.blogspot.com/2018/01/toxic-chemicals-in-cosmetics-some-of.html

http://puricare.blogspot.com/2016/10/phthalates-environmental-toxins-in.html

http://puricare.blogspot.com/2017/08/phthalates-endoctrine-disrupters-these.html

http://puricare.blogspot.com/2017/10/plastics-plastic-is-any-synthetic-or.html

http://puricare.blogspot.com/2016/10/contaminants-in-environment-can.html.

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MINDSET PRINCIPLES OF SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE - Successful people understand that every time you break the promises you make to yourself, you feed your identity as an impostor and weaken your self-confidence as a person of action. Successful people understand that beneath the layers of envy lies a core need they desire. Once you know the root cause, you can address ways to gain the things you want. Successful people understand that life isn’t fair and that they’re not entitled to anything. The key in life is not what happens to you, but how you react to what happens to you. Successful people are stubborn with what they want, but they understand that arriving at the end destination will involve detours and unexpected side roads to explore.

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6 Mindset Principles of Successful People

By Julian Hayes

The path to accomplishing your biggest dreams and goals has never been clearer, thanks to the plethora of information available.

Just because the price of admission to get into the game has decreased, though, doesn’t mean the journey will be a cakewalk — but it’s also not quantum physics.

In fact, the difference between getting what you want and falling short is separated by a small gap: your mindset.

If you’re looking to become the best version of yourself, you’ll need to implement certain mindset principles.

Start with these six mindset principles of successful people:

1. Keep your word to yourself.

When you do what you say you’re going to do, you build self-respect and a positive identity.

Successful people understand that every time you break the promises you make to yourself, you feed your identity as an impostor and weaken your self-confidence as a person of action.

For example, if you commit to exercising 30 minutes each day, then do it.

Regardless of the outcome, your character is being positively molded, and that will generate momentum along your journey.

2. Use envy to your advantage.

Wanting something you don’t currently have is a behavior rooted in your DNA.

But just because it’s a normal feeling to have doesn’t mean you can’t control it or leverage it to your benefit.

Successful people understand that beneath the layers of envy lies a core need they desire.

Ask yourself why you feel envy. If it’s money, for example, what would that money represent for you?

Most often, it’s time and freedom. Once you know the root cause, you can address ways to gain the things you want, like time and freedom, right now while building your dream.

3. Have no self-pity.

One of the big differentiators between those who stay the course along the journey of personal growth compared to those who get off track lies within the ability to rebound quickly from setbacks.

Successful people understand that life isn’t fair and that they’re not entitled to anything.

They also understand that wallowing and making excuses for themselves only zaps their personal power.

When you blame external circumstances, you’re effectively giving your personal power away.

The key in life is not what happens to you, but how you react to what happens to you.

4. Understand that ‘failure’ is feedback.

Failure is about perspective; there is no such thing unless you deem it that.

Successful people understand that failure is an illusion created inside their minds, and they perform mental alchemy to construct an empowering reality instead.

When successful people chase after a goal, two things can happen: They achieve their desired result or they get feedback.

Falling short of your goal isn’t a failure, it’s a lesson you can use for next time.

5. Operate with an investor’s mentality.

Just as the stock market will experience fluctuations, your personal journey will experience its peaks and valleys.

Investors who stay long term with their investments despite this are often rewarded for their patience.

This same logic applies to your personal development. Successful people understand that emotions and outcomes rise and fall along the way.

The key is to stay the course and view the journey as a marathon, not a sprint. Operate with an investor’s mentality and delay gratification today for something great tomorrow.

6. Fixate on the vision, but be flexible on the details.

Think of your goals as the destination and the various actions, habits and strategies as your vehicles.

Numerous potential vehicles can help you arrive at your desired destination; the key lies in finding the right ones uniquely suited to you.

Successful people are stubborn with what they want, but they understand that arriving at the end destination will involve detours and unexpected side roads to explore.

What gets you to point A won’t necessarily get you to point B.

As you keep growing and progressing, you need to continually evolve and be open to new ideas.

If you don’t or aren’t, then you could miss opportunities and further extend your timeline.

How will you implement these mindset principles in your life?

Julian Hayes II is the founder of The Art of Fitness & Life. He is an author, health and wellness consultant, and speaker operating at the nexus of creativity, health and business. His mission is to help you integrate health and wellness into a life you love while increasing your energy, productivity and performance at work. His book, Body Architect, is a real-world guide designed to help you create a life you love while creating a body you love.

https://www.success.com/6-mindset-principles-of-successful-people/

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