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Newtonian And Non-Newtonian Fluids
WHAT ARE NEWTONIAN AND
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS?
Author: Sara Peters
Newtonian fluid,
non-Newtonian fluid, rheopectic, thixotropic, dilatant... what's the
difference between these liquid properties?
More
importantly, what does it matter?
If you're sizing
or selecting pumps, mixers, or
any other type of equipment that applies shear to fluid, these are all terms
you should know.
All fluids can be broken down into two basic types, Newtonian, and non-Newtonian.
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
A Newtonian fluid's viscosity remains constant, no
matter the amount of shear applied for a constant temperature.
These fluids
have a linear relationship between viscosity and shear stress.
Examples:
· Water
· Mineral oil
· Gasoline
· Alcohol
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
You can probably guess that non-Newtonian fluids
are the opposite of Newtonian fluids.
When shear is
applied to non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity of the fluid changes.
The behavior of
the fluid can be described one of four ways:
· Dilatant - Viscosity of the fluid increases when shear is
applied. For example:
o
Quicksand
o
Cornflour and water
o
Silly putty
· Pseudoplastic - Pseudoplastic is the opposite of dilatant; the more
shear applied, the less viscous it becomes. For example:
o
Ketchup
This chart shows how viscosity changes in respect to the amount of shear
or stress applied to the fluid.
Rheopectic - Rheopectic is very similar to dilatant in that when shear is applied,
viscosity increases. The difference here, is that viscosity increase is
time-dependent. For example:
o
Gypsum paste
o
Cream
· Thixotropic - Fluids with thixotropic properties decrease in viscosity when shear is
applied. This is a time dependent property as well. For example:
o
Paint
o
Cosmetics
o
Asphalt
o
Glue
Why do you need to know the difference?
It's important
to fully understand the properties of the fluids you're transferring, mixing,
or pumping because viscosity plays a major role in sizing and selecting
equipment.
Understanding
how it reacts to shear will help you properly size and select all the equipment
it touches.
Need help with a viscous situation? Ask us about
it! We gladly provide technical
assistance to businesses in Wisconsin and upper Michigan.
Sara leads Crane Engineering's blogging team, coming up with
fresh stories and insights for our readers to apply to their every day work.
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