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Friday, January 29, 2021

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY - Energy is neither created nor destroyed - The law of conservation of energy is a physical law that states energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be changed from one form to another. Another way of stating this law of chemistry is to say the total energy of an isolated system remains constant or is conserved within a given frame of reference. In classical mechanics, conservation of mass and conversation of energy are considered to be two separate laws. However, in special relativity, matter may be converted into energy and vice versa, according to the famous equation E = mc2. Thus, it's more appropriate to say mass-energy is conserved. One interesting consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that it means perpetual motion machines of the first kind are not possible. In other words, a system must have an external power supply to continuously deliver unlimited energy to its surroundings. It's also worth noting that it's not always possible to define conservation of energy because not all systems have time translation symmetry. For example, conservation of energy may not be defined for time crystals or for curved space times. If a stick of dynamite explodes, for example, the chemical energy contained within the dynamite changes into kinetic energy, heat, and light. If all this energy is added together, it will equal the starting chemical energy value. The law of conservation of energy is a physical law that states energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be changed from one form to another. Another way of stating this law of chemistry is to say the total energy of an isolated system remains constant or is conserved within a given frame of reference.

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The Law of Conservation of Energy Defined

Energy is neither created nor destroyed

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

The law of conservation of energy is a physical law that states energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be changed from one form to another.

Another way of stating this law of chemistry is to say the total energy of an isolated system remains constant or is conserved within a given frame of reference.

In classical mechanics, conservation of mass and conversation of energy are considered to be two separate laws.

However, in special relativity, matter may be converted into energy and vice versa, according to the famous equation E = mc².

Thus, it's more appropriate to say mass-energy is conserved.

Example of Conservation of Energy

If a stick of dynamite explodes, for example, the chemical energy contained within the dynamite changes into kinetic energy, heat, and light.

If all this energy is added together, it will equal the starting chemical energy value.

Consequence of Conservation of Energy

One interesting consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that it means perpetual motion machines of the first kind are not possible.

In other words, a system must have an external power supply to continuously deliver unlimited energy to its surroundings.

It's also worth noting that it's not always possible to define conservation of energy because not all systems have time translation symmetry.

For example, conservation of energy may not be defined for time crystals or for curved space times.

Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Chemistry Expert

Education

Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville

B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College

Introduction

Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville - Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Science educator with experience teaching chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels.

ThoughtCo and About Education chemistry expert since 2001.

Widely-published graphic artist, responsible for printable periodic tables and other illustrations used in science.

Experience

Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D. has covered chemistry for ThoughtCo and About Education since 2001, and other sciences since 2013. She taught chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels. She has worked as a research scientist and also abstracting and indexing diverse scientific literature for the Department of Energy.

In addition to her work as a science writer, Dr. Helmenstine currently serves as a scientific consultant, specializing in problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Previously, she worked as a research scientist and college professor.

Education

Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and a B.A. in physics and mathematics with a minor in chemistry from Hastings College. In her doctoral work, Dr. Helmenstine developed ultra-sensitive chemical detection and medical diagnostic tests.

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

ThoughtCo is a premier reference site focusing on expert-created education content. We are one of the top-10 information sites in the world as rated by comScore, a leading Internet measurement company. Every month, more than 13 million readers seek answers to their questions on ThoughtCo.

For more than 20 years, Dotdash brands have been helping people find answers, solve problems, and get inspired. We are one of the top-20 largest content publishers on the Internet according to comScore, and reach more than 30% of the U.S. population monthly. Our brands collectively have won more than 20 industry awards in the last year alone, and recently Dotdash was named Publisher of the Year by Digiday, a leading industry publication.

https://www.thoughtco.com/law-of-conservation-of-energy-605849

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Thursday, January 28, 2021

CAN SOMETHING MOVE EVEN FASTER THAN SPEED OF LIGHT? IMPOSSIBLE - Our textbooks usually imply that nothing can travel faster than the light. But, this statement needs to be dissected at a granular level to be understood. The Distant Stars in the unchartered Space cannot be discovered, if we never break the Light Barrier. Hence, there is a need to ask this crucial question, ‘if there is anything that travels faster than light.’ The basis on which these textbooks justify the statement is the special theory of relativity, which explains that this may be achieved only by particles with zero rest mass. The hypothesis of the existence of Tachyons particles put the debate to rest that it is possible for Tachyons to travel at superluminal speeds. However, physicists disagree on the possibility of the existence of such particles, given they do not obey causality, and an infinite amount of energy would be required to move them at such high speeds. The following statement explains the phenomenon appropriately. The faster something travels, the more massive it gets, and the more time slows – until you finally reach the speed of light, at which point time stops altogether. This is the reason why the particles become extremely massive when most of the modern particle accelerators achieve superluminal speeds. The rate at which space is expanding is far greater than the speed of light and that is why light cannot travel across the universe.

Faster Than Speed Of Light

Can Something Move Even Faster Than Speed Of Light? Impossible

Sara Aftab

Wonderful Engineering

Our textbooks usually imply that nothing can travel faster than the light.

But, this statement needs to be dissected at a granular level to be understood.

The Distant Stars in the unchartered Space cannot be discovered, if we never break the Light Barrier.

Hence, there is a need to ask this crucial question, ‘if there is anything that travels faster than light.’

The basis on which these textbooks justify the statement is the special theory of relativity, which explains that this may be achieved only by particles with zero rest mass.

The hypothesis of the existence of Tachyons particles put the debate to rest that it is possible for Tachyons to travel at superluminal speeds.

However, physicists disagree on the possibility of the existence of such particles, given they do not obey causality, and an infinite amount of energy would be required to move them at such high speeds.

The following statement explains the phenomenon appropriately.

The Faster Something Travels, The More Massive It Gets, And The More Time Slows – Until You Finally Reach The Speed Of Light, At Which Point Time Stops Altogether

This is the reason why the particles become extremely massive when most of the modern particle accelerators achieve superluminal speeds.

Some of the events that occur at superluminal speeds are as follows.

EXPANSION OF SPACE

After Big Bang, the Expansion of universe took place much faster than the speed of light.

The current evidence of the fact can be seen in the phenomenon called Metric Expansion of Space.

The rate at which space is expanding is far greater than the speed of light and that is why light cannot travel across the universe.

Since no particles are involved in the expansion of the universe and its vacuum, it can travel at such high speeds.

FLASHLIGHT SHIFT

Imagine you had a flashlight or a laser pointing at the moon, and you quickly moved it to another heavenly body.

Now, in theory, this would qualify as the beam of light traveling a distance of say, many light years away from the moon to this object in a matter of seconds, making the beam travel faster than light.

If the flashlight was a laser or just the plain flashlight, the point remains that ‘no material object’ has traveled with that speed. Also note that laser is a particular kind of light.

QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT

Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon where a pair or group particles form a bond when brought close to each other.

Even when separated, the quantum state of such pairs and groups is not defined independently of each other.

Simply understood, if two electrons are made to vibrate close to each other, they will do so in unison.

Once separated, the electrons will behave as if connected with a USB cable or an umbilical cord, even if physically they are located light years away from each other.

If one electron is deliberately moved, the other will detect this movement in an instance, much faster than the speed of light.

However, useful information transfer is not possible using Quantum Entanglement, since this barrier breach of light is random and chaotic. More on this at ERP Experiment.

EXOTIC MATTER

One way to break light barrier is to travel through Exotic/Negative Matter, which comprises of Tachyons particles, discussed earlier.

So we know that there is no evidence or agreement for the existence of such matter.

However, there are two ways to achieve that, hypothetically speaking,

1. Much like the Time-Space warps shown in movies, these warps can help you teleport from one place to another in no time. Compressing the space in front and expanding the space behind, push yourself into a space-time warp.

A model of ‘folded’ space-time illustrates how a wormhole bridge
might form with at least two mouths that are connected to a single throat or tube
(via Space)

2. By using the Wormhole, also a hypothesis. Wormholes supposedly are tunnel-like structures that connect different points in spacetime that may be billions of light years away from each other. Traveling through a wormhole will take place at speed of light locally.

Almost everyone of us wants to know what traveling at the speed of light feels like, however, it’s best not to become massive while doing so!

Wonderful Engineering is a community of international engineers who are transforming our lives through their innovative design and smart engineering. Join to appreciate others and to get inspiration to continue innovation.

Our Office is located in Bath St, Glasgow, England where our team of 5 engineers from diverse specializations bring you all the news. Join our facebook page here for staying in touch with cutting-edge engineering and regular updates.

https://wonderfulengineering.com/move-faster-light-speed/

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SUPERMOONS - What Is a Supermoon and When Is the Next One? - When the Full Moon or New Moon occurs during the Moon's closest approach to Earth, its perigee, it is often called a supermoon. A Supermoon can be a New or a Full Moon. When a Full Moon takes place when the Moon is near its closest approach to Earth, it is called a Super Full Moon. When there is a New Moon around the closest point to Earth, it is known as a Super New Moon. A Micromoon, on the other hand, is when a Full or a New Moon is near its farthest point from Earth, around apogee. It's also known as a Minimoon, Mini Full Moon, or a Mini New Moon. A New Moon at perigee is also often referred to as a supermoon. However, this event usually garners less attention because a New Moon is invisible from Earth. The Moon's orbit around Earth is not a perfect circle, but elliptical, with one side closer to Earth than the other. As a result, the distance between the Moon and Earth varies throughout the month and the year. On average, the distance is about 382,900 kilometers (238,000 miles). The point on the Moon's orbit closest to Earth is called the perigee and the point farthest away is the apogee. A Supermoon looks larger than a Micromoon. There are no official rules as to how close or far the Moon must be to qualify as a Supermoon or a Micro Moon. Different outlets use different definitions. A Full Moon classified as a Supermoon by one source may not qualify as a Super Full Moon by another.

Supermoons

What Is a Supermoon and When Is the Next One?

The Moon's orbit around Earth is not a perfect circle, but elliptical, with one side closer to Earth than the other. As a result, the distance between the Moon and Earth varies throughout the month and the year. The point on the Moon's orbit closest to Earth is called the perigee and the point farthest away is the apogee.

The best time to enjoy a Super Full Moon, or any other Full Moon, is just after moonrise, when the Moon is close to the horizon. Just before moonset is also a good time. When the Full Moon is low, it looks bigger and brighter than when it's higher up in the sky. This is called the Moon illusion, and actually makes more of a difference to what it looks like than the real boost you get from it being a bit closer to Earth.

By Vigdis Hocken and Aparna Kher

Time and Date AS

A Supermoon can be a New or a Full Moon.

When the Full Moon or New Moon occurs during the Moon's closest approach to Earth, its perigee, it is often called a supermoon.

When's the Next Super Moon?

2021 will see two Super Full Moons — on April 26/27 and May 26.

The Full Moon in April is traditionally known as Pink Moon and the Full Moon in May is called the Flower Moon in many Northern Hemisphere cultures.

When does the Moon rise in your location?

If the weather cooperates in your location, Full Moons make for spectacular photographs, especially when the Moon is close to the horizon.

Use our Moon photography tips to capture it with your camera or smartphone.

Moon's distance from the Earth visualized

There will also be two Super New Moons in 2021.

The first takes place on November 4/5 and the other on December 3/4, depending on your time zone.

The Super New Moons, like any other New Moon, won't be visible from Earth, but the dark night skies will provide great opportunities for some great night sky watching, especially around December 4 when the Geminids start becoming active.

There is also a total solar eclipse on December 4, 2021, visible from Antarctica.

Super Full and New Moon

When a Full Moon takes place when the Moon is near its closest approach to Earth, it is called a Super Full Moon.

When there is a New Moon around the closest point to Earth, it is known as a Super New Moon.

A Micromoon, on the other hand, is when a Full or a New Moon is near its farthest point from Earth, around apogee.

It's also known as a Minimoon, Mini Full Moon, or a Mini New Moon.

How can Full Moon be in the daytime?

Perigee and Apogee

A New Moon at perigee is also often referred to as a supermoon.

However, this event usually garners less attention because a New Moon is invisible from Earth.

Moon Phases in Your City

The Moon's orbit around Earth is not a perfect circle, but elliptical, with one side closer to Earth than the other.

A Supermoon looks larger than a Micromoon.

As a result, the distance between the Moon and Earth varies throughout the month and the year. On average, the distance is about 382,900 kilometers (238,000 miles).

The point on the Moon's orbit closest to Earth is called the perigee and the point farthest away is the apogee.

Not an Official Name

Supermoon is not an official astronomical term.

It was first coined by an astrologer, Richard Nolle, in 1979. He defined it as ‘a New or a Full Moon that occurs when the Moon is at or near (within 90% of) its closest approach to Earth in its orbit’.

It is not clear why he chose the 90% cut off in his definition.

Supermoon Definition

There are no official rules as to how close or far the Moon must be to qualify as a Supermoon or a Micro Moon.

Different outlets use different definitions. Due to this, a Full Moon classified as a Supermoon by one source may not qualify as a Super Full Moon by another.

The following definitions are used at timeanddate.com:

· Supermoon: A Full or New Moon that occurs when the center of the Moon is less than 360,000 kilometers (ca. 223,694 miles) from the center of Earth.

· Micromoon: A Full Moon or New Moon that takes place when the center of the Moon is farther than 405,000 kilometers (ca. 251,655 miles) from the center of Earth.

A Super Full Moon's angular size is 12.5%–14.1% bigger than a Micro Full Moon, and 5.9%–6.9% bigger than an average Full Moon (in years 1550–2650).

Astronomical terms & definitions

Technical Name: Perigee-syzygy

The technical term for a Supermoon is perigee-syzygy of the Earth-Moon-Sun system.

The Full Moon looks larger near the horizon.

In astronomy, the term syzygy refers to the straight-line configuration of three celestial bodies. Another name is perigee Full Moon.

When the Moon is close to the lunar nodes of its path during a syzygy, it causes a total solar eclipse or a total lunar eclipse

Looks Bigger and Brighter

Because it's so close to Earth, a Super Full Moon also looks about 30% brighter than a Micro Full Moon and about 16% brighter than an average Full Moon.

The Supermoon on November 14, 2016, was the closest since January 26, 1948.

The next time a Full Moon will come even closer to Earth is on November 25, 2034 (dates based on UTC time).

Moon Illusion: Best at Moonrise and Moonset

The best time to enjoy a Super Full Moon, or any other Full Moon, is just after moonrise, when the Moon is close to the horizon. Just before moonset is also a good time.

When the Full Moon is low, it looks bigger and brighter than when it's higher up in the sky.

This is called the Moon illusion, and actually makes more of a difference to what it looks like than the real boost you get from it being a bit closer to Earth.

Taking pictures of the Moon

Higher Tides at Supermoon

The Moon's gravitational pull causes tides.

The greatest difference between high and low tide is around Full Moon and New Moon.

During these Moon phases , the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun combine to pull the ocean’s water in the same direction.

These tides are known as spring tides or king tides.

Supermoons lead to around 5 cm (2 inches) larger variation than regular spring tides, called perigean spring tides.

The tidal range is smallest during the two Quarter Moons, known as neaps or neap tide.

Natural Disaster Trigger?

Although the Sun and the Moon’s alignment cause a small increase in tectonic activity, the effects of the Supermoon on Earth are minor.

Many scientists have conducted studies, and they haven’t found anything significant that can link the Super Moon to natural disasters.

According to NASA, the combination of the Moon being at its closest and at Full Moon, should not affect the internal energy balance of the Earth since there are lunar tides every day.

Vigdis Hocken

Web Editor & Journalist

From 2011 to 2020, Vigdis wrote about a large variety of topics for timeanddate.com and was in charge of our social media, newsletters, and front page. She was also the editor in charge of timeanddate.no, our Norwegian website. She has an MA in journalism, history, and philosophy.

Aparna Kher

Web Editor & Journalist

Aparna joined timeanddate in 2012 and covers astronomy, space science, and holidays around the world. She has worked and lived on three continents and holds a bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of Delhi, an MA in International Politics from Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, and a PhD in Political Science from Binghamton University in New York. When not working, she likes to read microhistories, plan parties, and learn new skills.

Time and Date AS is based just outside Stavanger, Norway, where our teams work together to operate timeanddate.com, the world's top-ranking website for time and time zones. With free online services you can rely on, we make it easier to organize your life, both at work and at home.

Our German and Norwegian sites, timeanddate.de and timeanddate.no, offer the same high level of accuracy and reliability as our English language site.

You can also enjoy our content on your phone or tablet because we make apps for iOS and Android too!

And if you are a developer, try our API service to tap into our extensive databases for time and time zones, calendars, holidays, and more.

https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/super-full-moon.html

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