CONTINENTAL DIVIDES - Every continent except for Antarctica has a continental divide. Continental divides separate one drainage basin from another. They are used to define the direction that an area's rivers flow and drain into the oceans and seas. The best-known continental divide is in North America and it runs along the Rocky and Andes mountain ranges. Most continents have multiple continental divides and some rivers flow into endorheic basins (inland bodies of water), such as the Sahara Desert in Africa. The Continental Divide in the Americas is the line that divides the flow of water between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Rain or snow that drains on the east side of the Continental Divide flows toward the Atlantic Ocean. Precipitation on the west side drains and flows toward the Pacific Ocean. The continental divide runs from northwestern Canada along the crest of the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Then, it follows the crest of Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental and along the Andes Mountains through South America. To say that any continent, including North America, has a single continental divide is not entirely true. It is easiest to talk about the continental divides of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia as a whole because many of the drainage basins span all four continents. Along the entire western coast of Europe and Africa, the rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean.

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Continental Divide

What Is the Continental Divide?

By Matt Rosenberg

Every continent except for Antarctica has a continental divide.

Continental divides separate one drainage basin from another. They are used to define the direction that an area's rivers flow and drain into the oceans and seas.

The best-known continental divide is in North America and it runs along the Rocky and Andes mountain ranges.

Most continents have multiple continental divides and some rivers flow into endorheic basins (inland bodies of water), such as the Sahara Desert in Africa.

The Continental Divide of the Americas

The Continental Divide in the Americas is the line that divides the flow of water between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

·      Rain or snow that drains on the east side of the Continental Divide flows toward the Atlantic Ocean.

·      Precipitation on the west side drains and flows toward the Pacific Ocean. 

The continental divide runs from northwestern Canada along the crest of the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico.

Then, it follows the crest of Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental and along the Andes Mountains through South America.

More Water Flow Divides in the Americas

To say that any continent, including North America, has a single continental divide is not entirely true.

We can continue to divide the flow of water (called hydrological divides) into these groups:

·      East of the Rocky Mountains and north of the Canada-U.S. border, the rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean.

·      Most rivers of the central U.S. flow into the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Indirectly, this is an Atlantic Ocean drainage.

·      Rivers on the east side of Mexico and Central America also drain into the Gulf of Mexico.

·      Rivers around the Great Lakes and along the entire east coast of Canada and the U.S. flow directly into the Atlantic Ocean.

·      South America has a true east-west continental divide. Everything east of the Andes flows into the Atlantic Ocean and everything west flows into the Pacific.

The Continental Divides of the Rest of the World

It is easiest to talk about the continental divides of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia as a whole because many of the drainage basins span all four continents.

·      The Atlantic Ocean: Along the entire western coast of Europe and Africa, the rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean.

·      The Mediterranean Sea: The southern part of Europe, most of the country of Turkey, and many rivers in the northern part of Africa drain into the Mediterranean Sea. Most notably, the Nile River flows north and has a drainage basin that reaches south past the equator.

·      The Indian Ocean:  The rivers of countries that surround the Indian Ocean flow into it. This includes most of the eastern coast of Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia as well as the majority of Australia.

·      The Pacific Ocean: Along the eastern coast of Asia and Australia, the rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean. This includes China and much of Southeast Asia along with all of the island nations that fill this area of the Pacific.

·      The Arctic Ocean: The majority of Russian rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean.

·      Endorheic Basins: Asia and Africa are home to the largest endorheic basins where the rivers empty into deserts, large lakes, or inland seas.

Matt Rosenberg

Geography Expert

Education

M.A., Geography, California State University - Northridge

B.A., Geography, University of California - Davis

Introduction

Award-winning professional geographer

Author of two books on geography

Experience

Matt Rosenberg is a former writer for ThoughtCo. He covered geography for ThoughtCo and About.com for over 20 years. He was an adjunct professor of geography at California State University, Sacramento, a city planning and GIS intern for local government, and is a former newspaper columnist.

Rosenberg has been featured on PBS and NPR, and he has conducted many interviews about geographical topics for television, radio, and newspapers. He was director of emergency services for the American Red Cross and served on more than two dozen major disaster relief operations around the United States. He has traveled widely across North America and has visited or studied in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. He is a member of the Association of American Geographers and the National Council for Geographic Education.

Education

Matt Rosenberg holds a bachelor's degree in geography from the University of California, Davis and a master's degree in geography from California State University, Northridge. 

Publications and Awards

"The Handy Geography Answer Book" (Barnes & Noble, 2004)

"The Geography Bee Complete Preparation Handbook" (Three Rivers Press, 2002)

Excellence in Media Award, National Council for Geographic Education, October 2006

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

ThoughtCo is a premier reference site focusing on expert-created education content. We are one of the top-10 information sites in the world as rated by comScore, a leading Internet measurement company. Every month, more than 13 million readers seek answers to their questions on ThoughtCo.

For more than 20 years, Dotdash brands have been helping people find answers, solve problems, and get inspired. We are one of the top-20 largest content publishers on the Internet according to comScore, and reach more than 30% of the U.S. population monthly. Our brands collectively have won more than 20 industry awards in the last year alone, and recently Dotdash was named Publisher of the Year by Digiday, a leading industry publication.

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-continental-divide-4070411

CARBON FIBER APPLICATIONS - Carbon fiber has gone to the moon on spacecraft, but it is also used widely in aircraft components and structures, where its superior strength to weight ratio far exceeds that of any metal. 30 percent of all carbon fiber is used in the aerospace industry. From helicopters to gliders, fighter jets to microlights, carbon fiber is playing its part, increasing range and simplifying maintenance. Its application in sports goods ranges from the stiffening of running shoes to ice hockey sticks, tennis racquets, and golf clubs. ‘Shells’ (hulls for rowing) are built from it, and many lives have been saved on motor racing circuits by its strength and damage tolerance in body structures. It is used in crash helmets too, for rock climbers, horse riders, and motorcyclists – in fact in any sport where there is a danger of head injury. The applications in the military are very wide-ranging – from planes and missiles to protective helmets, providing strengthening and weight reduction across all military equipment. Perhaps the latest and most exotic military application is for small flapping wings on miniaturized flying drones, used for surveillance missions. The uses of carbon fiber in the home are as broad as your imagination, whether it is style or practical application. iPhone cases, pens, and even bow ties – the look of carbon fiber is unique and sexy. Carbon fiber offers several advantages over other materials in the medical field, including the fact that it is ‘radiolucent’ – transparent to X-rays and shows as black on X-ray images. It is used widely in imaging equipment structures to support limbs being X-rayed or treated with radiation.

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Carbon Fiber Applications

What Products Use Carbon Fiber Today?

Todd Johnson

Every day, a new application is found for carbon fiber.

What started out forty years ago as a highly exotic material is now a part of our everyday lives.

These thin filaments, a tenth of the thickness of a human hair, are now available in a wide range of useful forms.

The fibers are bundled, woven and shaped into tubes and sheets (up to 1/2-inch thick) for construction purposes, supplied as a cloth for molding, or just regular thread for filament winding.

Carbon Fiber In Flight

Carbon fiber has gone to the moon on spacecraft, but it is also used widely in aircraft components and structures, where its superior strength to weight ratio far exceeds that of any metal.

30 percent of all carbon fiber is used in the aerospace industry.

From helicopters to gliders, fighter jets to microlights, carbon fiber is playing its part, increasing range and simplifying maintenance.

Sporting Goods

Its application in sports goods ranges from the stiffening of running shoes to ice hockey sticks, tennis racquets, and golf clubs.

‘Shells’ (hulls for rowing) are built from it, and many lives have been saved on motor racing circuits by its strength and damage tolerance in body structures.

It is used in crash helmets too, for rock climbers, horse riders, and motorcyclists – in fact in any sport where there is a danger of head injury.

Military

The applications in the military are very wide-ranging – from planes and missiles to protective helmets, providing strengthening and weight reduction across all military equipment.

It takes energy to move weight – whether it is a soldier’s personal gear or a field hospital, and weight saved means more weight moved per gallon of gas.

A new military application is announced almost every day.

Perhaps the latest and most exotic military application is for small flapping wings on miniaturized flying drones, used for surveillance missions.

Of course, we don’t know about all military applications – some carbon fiber uses will always remain part of ‘black ops’ - in more ways than one.

Carbon Fiber at Home

The uses of carbon fiber in the home are as broad as your imagination, whether it is style or practical application.

For those who are style-conscious, it is often tagged as ‘the new black’.

If you want a shiny black bathtub built from carbon fiber or a coffee table then you can have just that, off the shelf.

iPhone cases, pens, and even bow ties – the look of carbon fiber is unique and sexy.

Medical Applications

Carbon fiber offers several advantages over other materials in the medical field, including the fact that it is ‘radiolucent’ – transparent to X-rays and shows as black on X-ray images.

It is used widely in imaging equipment structures to support limbs being X-rayed or treated with radiation.

The use of carbon fiber to strengthen damaged cruciate ligaments in the knee is being researched, but probably the most well-known medical use is that of prosthetics – artificial limbs.

South African athlete Oscar Pistorius brought carbon fiber limbs to prominence when the International Association of Athletics Federations failed to ban him from competing in the Beijing Olympics.

His controversial carbon fiber right leg was said to give him an unfair advantage, and there is still considerable debate about this.

Automobile Industry

As costs come down, carbon fiber is being more widely adopted in automobiles.

Supercar bodies are built now, but its wider use is likely to be on internal components such as instrument housings and seat frames.

Environmental Applications

As a chemical purifier, carbon is a powerful absorbent.

When it comes to the absorption of noxious or unpleasant chemicals, then surface area is important.

For a given weight of carbon, thin filaments have far more surface area than granules.

Although we see activated carbon granules used as pet litter and for water purification, the potential for wider environmental use is clear.

DIY

Despite its hi-tech image, easy to use kits are available enabling carbon fiber to be employed in a wide range of home and hobby projects where not only its strength but its visual appeal is a benefit.

Whether in cloth, solid sheet, tube or thread, the space-age material is now widely available for everyday projects.

Todd Johnson

Science Expert

Education

B.S., Business Management, University of Colorado Boulder

Introduction

Regional Sales Manager for Composites One, a distributor of composite materials.

B.S. in Business Management from University of Colorado Boulder's Leeds School of Business

Business Development Manager for Ebert Composites Corporation

Experience

Todd Johnson is a former writer for ThoughtCo, who wrote about plastics and composite materials for 2-1/2 years between 2010 and 2013. He is a Regional Sales Manager at Composites One, a composite materials distributor in San Diego, CA. Johnson provides support to the Greater San Diego manufacturers of fiber reinforced and polymer products. He regularly attends composite industry trade shows including JEC, ACMA, SME, and SAMPE. In 2008 he presented at the Global Pultrusion Conference in Baltimore, MD. Previously, Todd spent six years as the Business Development Manager for Ebert Composites Corporation. 

Education

B.S., Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services - the University of Colorado-Boulder's Leeds School of Business; attended Griffith University in Queensland, Australia.  

A Message from Todd Johnson​

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

ThoughtCo is a premier reference site focusing on expert-created education content. We are one of the top-10 information sites in the world as rated by comScore, a leading Internet measurement company. Every month, more than 13 million readers seek answers to their questions on ThoughtCo.

For more than 20 years, Dotdash brands have been helping people find answers, solve problems, and get inspired. We are one of the top-20 largest content publishers on the Internet according to comScore, and reach more than 30% of the U.S. population monthly. Our brands collectively have won more than 20 industry awards in the last year alone, and recently Dotdash was named Publisher of the Year by Digiday, a leading industry publication.

https://www.thoughtco.com/applications-of-carbon-fiber-820384

SPLINTERS IN THE SKIN - Leaving a splinter in the body can provide a passageway for infection, said Ashley Jones, a certified nurse practitioner at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. The "skin is a physical barrier that prevents infections." So, a splinter that breaks that skin "makes it easier for bacteria outside of the skin to actually get under the skin." That bacteria may already be on the splinter, holding on for a free ride into the bloodstream, or it may make its way in through the open gates after the incursion. One such infection is caused by the tetanus bacteria (clostridium tetani), which, if it makes its way into the body of a person who is not vaccinated or up to date on their tetanus boosters, can release toxins that harm the nervous system. Because of the risk of infection, "I would generally recommend that you not leave a splinter in place," Jones said. If you can't easily grab it with tweezers and by applying a slow, steady pressure, "I would recommend just seeking health care," she said. If removing a deeply embedded splinter at home may result in a lot of bleeding, then head to a health care center, where professionals can remove the splinter using clean, sterile instruments, he said. If the splinter isn't removed, the body probably won't absorb the invader or break it down. Rather, the body will likely try to push the splinter out.

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Splinters In The Skin

What Happens If You Don't Take Out a Splinter?

By Yasemin Saplakoglu - Staff Writer 

It can be a freeing feeling to shuck off your shoes and walk outside barefoot during the warm spring and hot summer, until the deck sticks your exposed foot with a tiny, pointy gift: a splinter.

But it's so tiny or so deeply stuck in the skin that you can't get it out. So, what would happen if you just left it in?

It's best not to wait and see, as leaving a splinter in the body can provide a passageway for infection, said Ashley Jones, a certified nurse practitioner at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center.

The "skin is a physical barrier that prevents infections," Jones told Live Science.

So, a splinter that breaks that skin "makes it easier for bacteria outside of the skin to actually get under the skin."

That bacteria may already be on the splinter, holding on for a free ride into the bloodstream, or it may make its way in through the open gates after the incursion.

One such infection is caused by the tetanus bacteria (clostridium tetani), which, if it makes its way into the body of a person who is not vaccinated or up to date on their tetanus boosters, can release toxins that harm the nervous system.

Because of the risk of infection, "I would generally recommend that you not leave a splinter in place," Jones said.

If you can't easily grab it with tweezers and by applying a slow, steady pressure, "I would recommend just seeking health care," she said.

Dr. Jefry Biehler, chair of pediatrics at Nicklaus Children's Hospital in Miami, echoed this recommendation.

If removing a deeply embedded splinter at home may result in a lot of bleeding, then head to a health care center, where professionals can remove the splinter using clean, sterile instruments, he said.

If the splinter isn't removed, the body probably won't absorb the invader or break it down.

Rather, the body will likely try to push the splinter out, Biehler said.

The splinter may cause an inflammatory reaction, which could mean swelling and redness in that area.

What's more, pockets of pus may form to help expel the splinter.

If the inflammatory response continues for a number of days or weeks, the area can sometimes develop a somewhat permanent bump or what's called a "granuloma," Jones added.

This is kind of a protective bubble of immune cells that surround the foreign object the body wasn't able to oust.

Sometimes the body can naturally expel a splinter from the skin without causing an inflammatory response, Biehler said.

Other times, the splinter may stay in the skin forever.

Biehler noted that one of his nurse friends has had an inch-long thorn in her hand for the past 40 years. "You can feel it, she can move it … [but] it doesn't cause her any pain," he said.

"She's been fine for 40 years." The splinter doesn't carry as big of a risk of infection as when she first got it, because the skin closed on top of it, he added.

"It is a fine line between what needs to be seen [by a doctor], what needs to be removed and what can be left alone," Biehler said.

But in general, splinters you get around the house or those that come from plant materials, such as wood, "usually need to come out, because the body reacts to it."

In any case, foreign bodies lodged in the skin — especially in children and the elderly, who may be more prone to infections — should be evaluated by a health care professional, he said.

Yasemin Saplakoglu

Staff Writer

Yasemin is a staff writer at Live Science, writing about biology and neuroscience, among other science topics. Yasemin has a biomedical engineering bachelors from the University of Connecticut and a science communication graduate certificate from the University of California, Santa Cruz. When she's not writing, she's probably taking photos or sitting upside-down on her couch thinking about thinking and wondering if anyone else is thinking about thinking at the exact same time.

https://www.livescience.com/65710-should-you-always-remove-splinters.html

PSYCHOSIS RISK AND SMOKING EVERY DAY - Two new studies report an increased risk of psychosis among smokers of not only marijuana, but tobacco, too. Smoking at least 10 cigarettes daily my increase a person’s risk of psychosis. Research has found links between psychosis and both tobacco and marijuana smoking — particularly in regard to schizophrenia-related psychosis. However, the precise reasons why people who experience psychosis are more likely to smoke are not clear. Smoking might act as a kind of “self-medication” — that is, people with psychosis might find that smoking relieves their symptoms, perhaps due to some unidentified neurological mechanism. Or, smoking might help to make people who have psychosis less bored or stressed, which could also alleviate symptoms. Studies have started to investigate whether smoking itself might increase a person’s risk of psychosis. Although much research has looked at whether smoking marijuana might contribute to an increased risk of psychosis, comparatively few papers have applied the same investigative approach to tobacco. In this latest systematic review, people having a first episode of psychosis were three times more likely to be smokers than nonsmokers. Based on their findings, the authors questioned the “self-medication” theory and proposed instead that nicotine may be having an effect that creates the conditions for psychosis, possibly on the dopamine system.

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Smoking every day can increase psychosis risk, study finds

Written by David Railton

Fact checked by Jasmin Collier

Two new studies report an increased risk of psychosis among smokers of not only marijuana, but tobacco, too.

Researchers say that smoking at least 10 cigarettes daily my increase a person’s risk of psychosis.

The tobacco study has now been published in the journal Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, and the marijuana study — which was conducted by the same team — has now been published in The British Journal of Psychiatry.

Research has found links between psychosis and both tobacco and marijuana smoking — particularly in regard to schizophrenia-related psychosis.

However, the precise reasons why people who experience psychosis are more likely to smoke are not clear.

Some scientists think that smoking might act as a kind of “self-medication” — that is, people with psychosis might find that smoking relieves their symptoms, perhaps due to some unidentified neurological mechanism.

Or, smoking might help to make people who have psychosis less bored or stressed, which could also alleviate symptoms.

Recently, studies have started to investigate whether smoking itself might increase a person’s risk of psychosis.

Although much research has looked at whether smoking marijuana might contribute to an increased risk of psychosis, comparatively few papers have applied the same investigative approach to tobacco.

‘Self-medication’ theory questioned

A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis that was published in The Lancet examined this issue.

Its authors reported that smoking tobacco every single day was linked with both increased risk of psychosis and earlier age of onset of psychotic disorder.

In this latest systematic review, people having a first episode of psychosis were three times more likely to be smokers than nonsmokers.

Based on their findings, the authors questioned the “self-medication” theory and proposed instead that nicotine may be having an effect that creates the conditions for psychosis, possibly on the dopamine system.

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that helps to control the brain’s “pleasure and reward centers.”

Scientists now know that smoking feels pleasurable because nicotine causes dopamine to be released into the brain.

Part of the reason why the authors of The Lancet study believe that the dopamine system may play a role in driving the link between daily smoking and psychosis is because studies have shown that smokers are less likely to get Parkinson’s disease.

While Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a lack of dopamine, schizophrenia is thought to be “the opposite of Parkinson’s,” in that some scientists believe that its symptoms are caused by an excess of dopamine.

Bottom of Form

Psychosis risk higher in daily smokers

In the tobacco study, the researchers analyzed data from 6,081 individuals who were part of the 1986 birth cohort of Northern Finland.

Participants who were 15–16 years old in 1986 answered questions on psychotic experiences and whether they used drugs or alcohol. They were then followed until they reached the age of 30.

The team found that smoking heavily or daily was linked with increased risk of psychosis.

Individuals who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day were more likely to experience psychosis than people who did not smoke.

Furthermore, people who began smoking before the age of 13 were also found to be at increased risk of psychosis.

Even when the researchers took into account whether the people in the study used alcohol or drugs or had a family history of psychosis, the link between smoking and psychosis was still significant.

“Based on the results, prevention of adolescent smoking is likely to have positive effects on the mental health of the population in later life,” concludes study author Jouko Miettunen.

Marijauna use linked to psychosis risk

In the study of marijuana, the team found an increased risk of psychosis among teenage users.

“We found that young people who had used cannabis at least five times had a heightened risk of psychoses during the follow-up, even when accounting for previous psychotic experiences, use of alcohol and drugs, and the parents’ history of psychoses,” notes study co-author Antti Mustonen.

“Our findings are in line with current views of heavy cannabis use, particularly when begun at an early age, being linked to an increased risk of psychosis,” he adds.

“Based on our results, it’s very important that we take notice of cannabis-using young people who report symptoms of psychosis. If possible, we should strive to prevent early-stage cannabis use.”

Medical News Today, part of Healthline Media UK, is one of the fastest growing health information sites in the United States. Every month, more than 70 million people come to Medical News Today for our in-depth health content and the latest news in medical research. Consider us your intellectual peer. We unravel the complexities of health information and make it easy to understand.

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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321222#Marijauna-use-linked-to-psychosis-risk

WHAT IS TURBIDITY - Turbidity, a measure of cloudiness in liquids, has been recognized as a simple and basic indicator of water quality. It has been used for monitoring drinking water, including that produced by filtration for decades. Turbidity measurement involves the use of a light beam, with defined characteristics, to determine the semi-quantitative presence of particulate material present in the water or other fluid sample. The light beam is referred to as the incident light beam. Material present in the water causes the incident light beam to scatter and this scattered light is detected and quantified relative to a traceable calibration standard. The higher the quantity of the particulate material contained in a sample, the greater the scattering of the incident light beam and the higher the resulting turbidity. Any particle within a sample that passes through a defined incident light source can contribute to the overall turbidity in the sample. When filtration systems are performing properly and monitored with a turbidimeter, turbidity of the effluent will be characterized by a low and stable measurement. Some turbidimeters become less effective on super-clean waters, where particle sizes and particle count levels are very low. For those turbidimeters that lack sensitivity at these low levels, turbidity changes that result from a filter breach can be so small that it becomes indistinguishable from the turbidity baseline noise of the instrument.

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What is Turbidity

hach.com

Turbidity, a measure of cloudiness in liquids, has been recognized as a simple and basic indicator of water quality.

It has been used for monitoring drinking water, including that produced by filtration for decades.

Turbidity measurement involves the use of a light beam, with defined characteristics, to determine the semi-quantitative presence of particulate material present in the water or other fluid sample.

The light beam is referred to as the incident light beam.

Material present in the water causes the incident light beam to scatter and this scattered light is detected and quantified relative to a traceable calibration standard.

The higher the quantity of the particulate material contained in a sample, the greater the scattering of the incident light beam and the higher the resulting turbidity.

Any particle within a sample that passes through a defined incident light source (often an incandescent lamp, light emitting diode (LED) or laser diode), can contribute to the overall turbidity in the sample.

The goal of filtration is to eliminate particles from any given sample.

When filtration systems are performing properly and monitored with a turbidimeter, turbidity of the effluent will be characterized by a low and stable measurement.

Some turbidimeters become less effective on super-clean waters, where particle sizes and particle count levels are very low.

For those turbidimeters that lack sensitivity at these low levels, turbidity changes that result from a filter breach can be so small that it becomes indistinguishable from the turbidity baseline noise of the instrument.

This baseline noise has several sources including the inherent instrument noise (electronic noise), instrument stray light, sample noise, and noise in the light source itself.

These interferences are additive and they become the primary source of false positive turbidity responses and can adversely impact the instrument detection limit.

Hach’s broad line of instrumentation and chemistries have been carefully crafted for more than 80 years to make water analysis better – faster, simpler, greener and more informative – so you get it right the first time, every time. Our experts understand your applications and we’re committed to helping you discover optimal solutions for your specific needs.

Since our founding in 1933, we've led the industry in developing innovative solutions to help you manage your water more efficiently and accurately. Today, Hach products can be found across the entire globe and serve industries ranging from municipal drinking and wastewater to food, beverage and power, and every other category that touches water. As a wholly owned subsidiary of Danaher Corporation (NYSE: DHR), Hach is equipped with the support and resources to provide you with the breakthrough products and expert guidance you’ve come to expect.

https://www.hach.com/industries/drinking-water/turbidity

ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL DEFINITION AND FORMULA - Absolute alcohol is a common name for the chemical compound ethanol. To qualify as "absolute," the ethyl alcohol must contain no more than one percent water. In other words, absolute alcohol is liquid alcohol that is at least 99 percent pure alcohol by weight. Ethanol is a colorless liquid with molecular formula C2H5OH. It is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. Also Known As: ethanol, ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol. Absolute alcohol is a common name for the chemical compound ethanol. To qualify as "absolute," the ethyl alcohol must contain no more than one percent water. In other words, absolute alcohol is liquid alcohol that is at least 99 percent pure alcohol by weight. Ethanol is a colorless liquid with molecular formula C2H5OH. It is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. Also Known As: ethanol, ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol

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Absolute Alcohol Definition and Formula

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Absolute alcohol is a common name for the chemical compound ethanol.

To qualify as "absolute," the ethyl alcohol must contain no more than one percent water.

In other words, absolute alcohol is liquid alcohol that is at least 99 percent pure alcohol by weight.

Ethanol is a colorless liquid with molecular formula C₂H₅OH.

It is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

Also Known As: ethanol, ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol

Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Chemistry Expert

Education

Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville

B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College

Introduction

Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville - Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Science educator with experience teaching chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels.

ThoughtCo and About Education chemistry expert since 2001.

Widely-published graphic artist, responsible for printable periodic tables and other illustrations used in science.

Experience

Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D. has covered chemistry for ThoughtCo and About Education since 2001, and other sciences since 2013. She taught chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels. She has worked as a research scientist and also abstracting and indexing diverse scientific literature for the Department of Energy.

In addition to her work as a science writer, Dr. Helmenstine currently serves as a scientific consultant, specializing in problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Previously, she worked as a research scientist and college professor. 

Education

Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and a B.A. in physics and mathematics with a minor in chemistry from Hastings College. In her doctoral work, Dr. Helmenstine developed ultra-sensitive chemical detection and medical diagnostic tests.

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

ThoughtCo is a premier reference site focusing on expert-created education content. We are one of the top-10 information sites in the world as rated by comScore, a leading Internet measurement company. Every month, more than 13 million readers seek answers to their questions on ThoughtCo.

For more than 20 years, Dotdash brands have been helping people find answers, solve problems, and get inspired. We are one of the top-20 largest content publishers on the Internet according to comScore, and reach more than 30% of the U.S. population monthly. Our brands collectively have won more than 20 industry awards in the last year alone, and recently Dotdash was named Publisher of the Year by Digiday, a leading industry publication.

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-absolute-alcohol-604996