AERATORS AND AEROBIC DIGESTION - Aerobic digestion is a sludge stabilization process designed to convert waste activated sludge solids to carbon dioxide, water, residual cell debris and other end products. The oxidation of cellular material is referred to as endogenous respiration and is typically the dominant reaction in aerobic digestion.

Aerators And Aerobic 

Digestion

Aerators Enhance Aerobic Digestion Process

By Larry Moore; Charles Van Zandt

The city of Eden, N.C., operates an extended aeration process designed for an average flow rate of 13.5 mgd with a mixed liquor suspended solids concentration that typically checks in about 6,000 mg/l.

This high biomass concentration is necessary to provide a well-settling sludge and good effluent quality.

Further, the plant influent is approximately 40% domestic wastewater and 60% industrial wastewater.

The industrial component is dominated by textile facilities.

The Eden Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) generates about 20,000 lb per day of waste activated sludge solids, which are aerobically digested prior to storage in sludge lagoons and ultimate land application.

For many years, the facility has had difficulty maintaining adequate dissolved oxygen levels and adequate mixing in its aerobic digester.

However, this all changed when the plant installed four new floating brush rotor aerators in May 2004.

Aerators Enhance
Aerobic digestion is a sludge stabilization process designed to convert waste activated sludge solids to carbon dioxide, water, residual cell debris and other end products.

The oxidation of cellular material is referred to as endogenous respiration and is typically the dominant reaction in aerobic digestion.

The detention time in the digester is normally about 20 days to achieve satisfactory solids stabilization.

Additionally, the primary functions of an aerobic digester are to reduce odors, reduce biodegradable solids content, to prepare the sludge for ultimate disposal on land consistent with Federal 503 regulations.

Aerobic digestion stabilizes the sludge solids more rapidly than anaerobic digestion, even though a less complete breakdown of cells is typically achieved.

Oxygen can be supplied by mechanical aerators or by diffused aeration.

At the Eden WWTP, vertical surface aerators have been used for many years. Plant personnel have had serious concerns because of operating problems as well as poor process performance.

Prior to installation of the new floating brush rotor aerators, the plant had 145-hp of vertical aeration equipment in the aerobic digester.

The vertical aeration equipment consisted of three 40-hp units and one 25-hp unit.

In aerobic digestion, it is desirable to maintain at least 1.0 mg/l dissolved oxygen level to provide an efficient aerobic environment.

Typical dissolved oxygen concentrations were 0.0 mg/l, which led to odor problems and poor aerobic digester performance.

In addition, it is extremely important to provide adequate mixing to keep the waste solids in suspension.

Typically, one-third of the aerobic digester was never mixed, creating dead zones detrimental to aerobic digestion.

Moreover, it usually required two to three days of settling to facilitate efficient decanting of supernatant prior to wasting sludge to the sludge storage lagoons.

Consequently, the aerobic digestion process performed below expectations and created operating problems for the WWTP staff.

https://www.wateronline.com/doc/aerators-enhance-aerobic-digestion-process-0001

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CARBON DIOXIDE AND GLOBAL WARMING - Simultaneous record of temperature and carbon dioxide concentration in ice cores indicates that carbon dioxide concentration changes after temperature changes, not before, indicating that carbon dioxide is the result, not the cause, of global warming.

Carbon Dioxide And Global Warming

Does Carbon Dioxide Drive Global Warming?

By Larry Vardiman, Ph.D,

Introduction

In the latest of my series of articles on global warming, I offered evidence that global warming appears to be occurring, but evidence seems to be growing that fluctuations in the electromagnetic field of the sun may be responsible for it. 

Here I would like to expand my arguments that carbon dioxide from man's activities is probably not the primary cause for global warming.

Major weaknesses have developed in the logic that carbon dioxide causes global warming.

In a second article to follow, I will describe a new theory of climate change based on the influence of the sun.

Arguments against Carbon Dioxide Driving Global Warming

In his presentation An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore argues that the correlation between earth's average global temperature and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere irrefutably demonstrates that carbon dioxide drives global warming.

He compares the temperature trend in the so-called "Hockey Stick Diagram" with the exponential increase in carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, for the past 50 years.

A similar plot of temperature over the past 1,000 years is shown in Figure 1.

Such a diagram is given this name because the temperature plot looks like a long-handled hockey stick.

This figure shows a superposition of average global temperature curves obtained by different research groups using different data and/or methodologies.

For example, the red curve shows the results obtained by Moberg et al, while the blue curve shows the results of Esper et al. 

The average temperature in the "handle" of the hockey stick over the period from about 1000 to 1850 A.D. remains relatively uniform, followed by a sudden rise in the "blade" since 1850, supposedly following the recent increase in carbon dioxide.

Figure 1 seems to provide compelling evidence that global warming is caused by an increase in carbon dioxide.

The sudden steep rise in temperature following a long period of uniform temperature prior to the Industrial Age seems to be inextricably linked to man's activities since 1850 or so.

However, when one examines the figure more carefully, the argument begins to fall apart.

The "Hockey Stick Diagram" has recently come under critical scrutiny.

Most paleoclimatologists work with more widely-accepted temperature plots which have been used for many years in standard climate research and textbooks.

These individual charts contain wide variations in temperature over the past 1,000 years, in opposition to the impression given by Gore's temperature diagram.

In fact, they normally show a 400-year-long warm period from about 1000 to 1400 A.D., which is known as the Medieval Optimum in Europe.

During this period crops flourished, the economy boomed, and the Vikings settled parts of Greenland where the ice sheets had melted back.

From about 1400 to 1900 A.D., a 500-year cold period occurred.

Certain crops like grapes could no longer be grown, the economy declined, and the Vikings were forced out of Greenland by the encroaching snow and ice.

Sunspots were found to be fewer during this time period, which became known as the Maunder Minimum.

The coldest center portion of this period with the fewest number of sunspots is called the Little Ice Age. The canals in Holland, unlike today, froze over each winter.

These changes in temperature associated with sunspot number suggest that the sun may influence the climate over millennial cycles.

However, studies over many years have not been able to confirm a convincing physical mechanism between sunspots and weather or climate.

When the temperature trend in the "blade" of the hockey stick between 1850 and 2000 is examined in more detail, as shown in Figure 2, it is found that the average global temperature doesn't increase exponentially like the measurements of carbon dioxide do at Mauna Loa.

The temperature increases between about 1850 and 1940, and then decreases for a 30-year period from 1940 to 1970, after which it begins to climb again.

This is very peculiar if carbon dioxide is driving global temperature, because the greatest increase in output from industrial production and the associated release of carbon dioxide would have occurred during this period.

Following World War II, industrial productivity and the release of carbon dioxide climbed rapidly.

Yet temperature fell, prompting many climatologists to express concern that we were heading into another ice age.

Once again, the average global temperature began to warm in 1970.

The temperature and carbon dioxide diagrams do not match up, as one would expect if carbon dioxide concentration is driving temperature.

Gore also uses an argument that the correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and temperature in ice core records from the distant past, as shown in Figure 3, demonstrates that carbon dioxide and temperature are strongly related.

However, a statistical correlation between two variables doesn't determine which one is causing the relationship and which one is responding.

If one looks at these data in finer detail, as shown in Figure 4, it becomes evident that temperature is driving the carbon dioxide concentration, not the other way around.

Changes in temperature trends led similar features in carbon dioxide and methane by some 800 years in this analysis.

One explanation for this relationship is that warming of the oceans releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, increasing its concentration.

This is likely due to the fact that the oceans contain much more carbon dioxide than the atmosphere, and they release carbon dioxide at warm temperatures and absorb it at cool temperatures.

A qualifying statement must be made regarding the data shown in Figures 3 and 4. The horizontal scales shown in the figures assume an old earth. The correlations may be valid, but the actual ages and lags must be much less if one accepts a young earth.

Conclusions

Individual temperature records commonly used by climatologists and paleoclimatologists show that the past 1,000 years have been marked by periodic warm and cold periods, not by a uniform climate trend.

The recent warming trend since about 1850 appears to be the continuation of the warming following the Little Ice Age, rather than a sudden upsurge after a long period of relatively uniform temperatures.

The detailed temperature record since 1850 shows a temperature decline between 1940 and 1970, which flies in the face of the explanation that a continuous exponential increase in carbon dioxide causes global warming.

And the simultaneous record of temperature and carbon dioxide concentration in ice cores indicates that carbon dioxide concentration changes after temperature changes, not before, indicating that carbon dioxide is the result, not the cause, of global warming.

https://www.icr.org/article/4128/277

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EMBRACING FAILURE TO SUCCEED - Why Failure Is Good for Success - To achieve your personal best, to reach unparalleled heights, to make the impossible possible, you can’t fear failure, you must think big, and you have to push yourself. When we think of people with this mindset, we imagine the daredevils, the pioneers, the inventors, the explorers: They embrace failure as a necessary step to unprecedented success. When the rewards of success are great, embracing possible failure is key to taking on a variety of challenges, whether you’re reinventing yourself by starting a new business or allowing yourself to trust another person to build a deeper relationship. “To achieve any worthy goal, you must take risks,” says writer and speaker John C. Maxwell.

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Embracing Failure To Succeed

Why Failure Is Good for Success

By SUCCESS

The sweetest victory is the one that’s most difficult.

The one that requires you to reach down deep inside, to fight with everything you’ve got, to be willing to leave everything out there on the battlefield —without knowing, until that do-or-die moment, if your heroic effort will be enough.

Society doesn’t reward defeat, and you won’t find many failures documented in history books.

The exceptions are those failures that become steppingstones to later success.

Such is the case with Thomas Edison, whose most memorable invention was the light bulb, which purportedly took him 1,000 tries before he developed a successful prototype.

“How did it feel to fail 1,000 times?” a reporter asked.

“I didn’t fail 1,000 times,” Edison responded. “The light bulb was an invention with 1,000 steps.”

Unlike Edison, many of us avoid the prospect of failure. In fact, we’re so focused on not failing that we don’t aim for success, settling instead for a life of mediocrity.

When we do make missteps, we gloss over them, selectively editing out the miscalculations or mistakes in our life’s résumé.

“Failure is not an option,” NASA flight controller Jerry C. Bostick reportedly stated during the mission to bring the damaged Apollo 13 back to Earth, and that phrase has been etched into the collective memory ever since.

To many in our success-driven society, failure isn’t just considered a non-option — it’s deemed a deficiency, says Kathryn Schulz, author of Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error.

“Of all the things we are wrong about, this idea of error might well top the list,” Schulz says.

“It is our meta-mistake: We are wrong about what it means to be wrong. Far from being a sign of intellectual inferiority, the capacity to err is crucial to human cognition.”

Failure Is Life’s Greatest Teacher

When we take a closer look at the great thinkers throughout history, a willingness to take on failure isn’t a new or extraordinary thought at all.

From the likes of Augustine, Darwin and Freud to the business mavericks and sports legends of today, failure is as powerful a tool as any in reaching great success.

“Failure and defeat are life’s greatest teachers [but] sadly, most people, and particularly conservative corporate cultures, don’t want to go there,” says Ralph Heath, managing partner of Synergy Leadership Group and author of Celebrating Failure: The Power of Taking Risks, Making Mistakes and Thinking Big.

“Instead they choose to play it safe, to fly below the radar, repeating the same safe choices over and over again. They operate under the belief that if they make no waves, they attract no attention; no one will yell at them for failing because they generally never attempt anything great at which they could possibly fail (or succeed).”

However, in today’s post-recession economy, some employers are no longer shying away from failure — they’re embracing it.

According to a recent article in BusinessWeek, many companies are deliberately seeking out those with track records reflecting both failure and success, believing that those who have been in the trenches, survived battle and come out on the other side have irreplaceable experience and perseverance.

They’re veterans of failure. The prevailing school of thought in progressive companies — such as Intuit, General Electric, Corning and Virgin Atlantic — is that great success depends on great risk, and failure is simply a common byproduct.

Executives of such organizations don’t mourn their mistakes but instead parlay them into future gains.

“The quickest road to success is to possess an attitude toward failure of ‘no fear,” says Heath.

“To do their work well, to be successful and to keep their companies competitive, leaders and workers on the front lines need to stick their necks out a mile every day.

They have to deliver risky, edgy, breakthrough ideas, plans, presentations, advice, technology, products, leadership, bills and more. And they have to deliver all this fearlessly—without any fear whatsoever of failure, rejection or punishment.”

Reaching Your Potential

The same holds true for personal quests, whether in overcoming some specific challenge or reaching your full potential in all aspects of life.

To achieve your personal best, to reach unparalleled heights, to make the impossible possible, you can’t fear failure, you must think big, and you have to push yourself.

When we think of people with this mindset, we imagine the daredevils, the pioneers, the inventors, the explorers: They embrace failure as a necessary step to unprecedented success.

But you don’t have to walk a tightrope, climb Mount Everest or cure polio to employ this mindset in your own life.

When the rewards of success are great, embracing possible failure is key to taking on a variety of challenges, whether you’re reinventing yourself by starting a new business or allowing yourself to trust another person to build a deeper relationship.

“To achieve any worthy goal, you must take risks,” says writer and speaker John C. Maxwell.

In his book Failing Forward: Turning Mistakes into Stepping Stones for Success, he points to the example of legendary aviator Amelia Earhart, who set several records and achieved many firsts in her lifetime, including being the first female pilot to fly solo over the Atlantic Ocean.

Although her final flight proved fateful, Maxwell believes she knew the risk — and that the potential reward was worth it.

“[Earhart’s] advice when it came to risk was simple and direct: ‘Decide whether or not the goal is worth the risks involved. If it is, stop worrying.’”

Of course, the risks you take should be calculated; you shouldn’t fly blindly into the night and simply hope for the best. 

Achieving the goal or at least waging a heroic effort requires preparation, practice and some awareness of your skills and talents.

Easing Into a Fearless Mindset

“One of the biggest secrets to success is operating inside your strength zone but outside of your comfort zone.”

“One of the biggest secrets to success is operating inside your strength zone but outside of your comfort zone,” Heath says.

Although you might fail incredibly, you might succeed incredibly — and that’s why incredible risk and courage are requisite.

Either way, you’ll learn more than ever about your strengths, talents and resolve, and you’ll strengthen your will for the next challenge.

If this sounds like dangerous territory, it can be. But there are ways to ease into this fearless mindset.

Maintain a Positive Attitude

The first is to consciously maintain a positive attitude so that, no matter what you encounter, you’ll be able to see the lessons of the experience and continue to push forward.

“It’s true that not everyone is positive by nature,” says Maxwell, who cites his father as someone who would describe himself as a negative person by nature.

“Here’s how my dad changed his attitude. First he made a choice: He continually chooses to have a positive attitude.”

Reading and Listening to Motivational Material

“Second, he’s continually reading and listening to materials that bolster that attitude. For example, he’s read The Power of Positive Thinking many times.

“I didn’t get it at first, so once I asked him why. His response: ‘Son, I need to keep filling the tank so I can stay positive.’”

Heath recommends studying the failures and subsequent reactions of successful people and, within a business context, repeating such histories for others.

“Reward them and applaud their efforts in front of the entire organization so everyone understands it is OK to fail.

“So employees say to themselves, ‘I see that Bill, the vice president of widgets, who the president adores, failed, and he is not only back at work, but he is driving a hot new sports car. I can fail and come to work the next day. Bill is proof of it.’”

Finally, Heath stays motivated by the thought that, “if I become complacent and don’t take risks, someone will notice what I am doing and improve upon my efforts over time, and put me out of work. You’ve got to keep finding better ways to run your life, or someone will take what you’ve accomplished, improve upon it, and be very pleased with the results. Keep moving forward or die.”  

Editor’s note: This post was originally published in September 2010 and has been updated for freshness, accuracy and comprehensiveness.

SUCCESS is the only magazine that focuses on people who take full responsibility for their own development and income. SUCCESS readers understand that the world has changed and the classic employer-to-employee relationship has changed from a patriarchal to a transactional one. No longer can you expect a corporate training program and a predictable growth track. Our readers understand and embrace that they are responsible for their own long-term success and happiness, and need to be proactive in finding the inspiration, motivation and training to achieve their goals. Some may choose to start their own business but will prefer to keep it small—what some would call a micro business—so they will always have total control and visibility over its growth, spirit and contributions to society. SUCCESS readers desire the freedom and control to make all meaningful business decisions.

SUCCESS magazine, established in 1897 by philosopher Orison Swett Marden, offers advice on best business practices, inspiration from major personalities in business and entertainment, and motivation to improve their mind and body so that our readers are in the best possible mental and physical shape to compete and reach their goals.

https://www.success.com/why-failure-is-good-for-success/