THE MANY FACETS OF A DIAMOND – While the number of facets for most shapes of diamonds is the same, how those facets are cut and where they are cut makes all the difference. Symmetry is everything in diamonds. Before the brilliant cut, diamond facets were almost always step facets, and the actual cut of those facets were far from perfection. However, today’s diamonds are cut with precision and designed with mathematical acuity for optimum fire and certain brilliance. The magic of a diamond lies in the little cuts within the stone. These intricate etchings — called facets — act like prisms to refract light, bouncing the beams throughout the stone to create those flashes and sparkles that make diamonds so stunning. Each facet is cut perfectly and precisely and the art of the cut can increase the value of the diamond considerably. How many facets does a diamond have? The answer depends on the shape of the diamond… and the perfection of the cut. However, as a guideline, the brilliant cut that was created and mastered by Marcel Tolkowsky boasts 58 facets (including the culet!). This is considered the gold standard for all diamonds. According to Diamond Cutter’s International’s foremost diamond expert, Fred Cuellar (aka “The Diamond Guy”), round brilliant, marquise, oval, cushion, heart, pear and emerald shaped diamonds all feature 58 facets. There are, however, shapes that do not conform to the 58 facet brilliant cut.

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How Many Facets Does a Diamond Have?

brilliance.com

 

 

The magic of a diamond lies in the little cuts within the stone.

These intricate etchings — called facets — act like prisms to refract light, bouncing the beams throughout the stone to create those flashes and sparkles that make diamonds so stunning.

Each facet is cut perfectly and precisely and the art of the cut can increase the value of the diamond considerably.

How Many Facets Does a Diamond Have?

The answer depends on the shape of the diamond… and the perfection of the cut.

However, as a guideline, the brilliant cut that was created and mastered by Marcel Tolkowsky boasts 58 facets (including the culet!).

This is considered the gold standard for all diamonds.

According to Diamond Cutter’s International’s foremost diamond expert, Fred Cuellar (aka “The Diamond Guy”), round brilliant, marquise, oval, cushion, heart, pear and emerald shaped diamonds all feature 58 facets.

There are, however, shapes that do not conform to the 58 facet brilliant cut.

Princess Cut Diamonds

Princess cut diamonds can have as few as 50 facets, but the number can be modified to increase the diamond’s sparkle.

While some princess diamonds are cut with more facets (up to 144!), you’re more likely to find a princess diamond in the lower facet range, around that “gold standard” 58 facets.

As such, the princess cut diamond may be a little less fiery than a modern round brilliant, but there’s a trade-off: the princess cut hides inclusions masterfully, which allows buyers a little more flexibility if they need to price down for clarity.

However, color imperfections will become more noticeable in this shape’s square dimensions. Opt for near colorless when choosing the princess shape.

Asscher Cut Diamonds

The beautiful vintage Asscher cut diamond includes 57 facets in its cut.

However, these cuts are not the brilliant kite-like prisms.

The Asscher (and the Emerald) are cut with step facets.

These unique facet cuts resemble a staircase within the stone.

Step facets create a sleek and sophisticated design but do not project the fiery, dancing light so often displayed by the brilliant cuts.

Radiant Cut Diamonds

Boasting the most facets of any diamond shape, the radiant lights a fire with 70 facets.

The radiant has the dimensions of an emerald cut diamond with the spark of a round brilliant cut.

Radiant diamonds are the best mix of subdued sophistication and sparkling celebration.

Trillion Cut Diamonds

Most often used as a side stone, there are 50 facets in a trillion-shaped diamond.

This cut isn’t as deep as other shapes and shallow depth can take away from the shape’s brilliance.

However, the equilateral shape is a unique design for buyers looking to go beyond the confines of circles, squares, or pears!

This less-brilliant but striking shape is also well-suited to be featured in three-stone engagement rings, as accent stones framing a center diamond.

Ashoka Cut Diamonds

Most buyers have never heard of the Ashoka cut.

Only the most flawless diamonds can be cut into this unique design, which makes the Ashoka rare… and expensive.

The cut was created by William Goldberg and features 62 facets.

Reese Witherspoon’s engagement ring from her husband, Jim Toth, is an Ashoka solitaire.

While the number of facets for most shapes of diamonds is the same, how those facets are cut and where they are cut makes all the difference.

Symmetry is everything in diamonds. Before the brilliant cut, diamond facets were almost always step facets, and the actual cut of those facets were far from perfection.

However, today’s diamonds are cut with precision and designed with mathematical acuity for optimum fire and certain brilliance.

 

Over the past three decades, we've built a reputation as a leading diamond & engagement ring retailer. As you shop for the perfect item, we’ll guide you through the process with honest advice ensuring that your choice reflects your style and budget.

https://www.brilliance.com/diamonds/how-many-facets-does-a-diamond-have

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WHY WATER APPEARS WHITE WHILE GOING OVER A WATERFALL - Water has dissolved oxygen inside of it. It is this dissolved oxygen that helps sustain the lives of aquatic creatures. Normally, you don’t actually see any evidence of oxygen being dissolved in water (apart from the fact that, you know, fish live there). Humans will never understand and appreciate the true value of dissolved oxygen in water bodies (ponds, lakes, rivers etc.) as much as fish do. Thus, in a still water body, you don’t see the dissolved oxygen, but when water falls over a cliff – like in a waterfall – the dissolved oxygen presents itself, or rather, makes its presence felt. When water is standing still, or moving at a very relaxed, gentle pace, oxygen dissolves in it through diffusion from the surrounding air. However, when water flows rapidly, its flow becomes turbulent. As a result, it offers more surface area for oxygen to diffuse compared to a flat, slow-moving river. In addition to that, churning waters create turbulence, which causes air to hit the water at a high pressure, allowing more oxygen to dissolve. This sort of aeration creates tons of small bubbles in water, which are eventually responsible for the white color of waterfalls. If you consider a body of water that’s sitting stationary, then you have one surface from which light can reflect (or refract). Just like a mirror, due to the even surface of a plain mirror, light rays that fall on it are reflected at a constant angle.

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Why Does Water Appear White While Going Over A Waterfall?

By Ashish

If water is really stirred up, or moving at a high pace (a pace that you can expect from waterfalls), then the trapped air in the water creates bubbles.

It is these bubbles (tiny air pockets) that make a waterfall look white.

Water is colorless; we all know that, right?

Still, the color of snow – which is essentially frozen water – is white.

Similarly, water that goes over a waterfall also appears to be white, despite actually being colorless.

Why is that water white?

What’s going on here?

The answer of this lies in how light interacts with matter, along with aeration.

Water and dissolved oxygen

You might already know that water has dissolved oxygen inside of it.

It is this dissolved oxygen that helps sustain the lives of aquatic creatures.

Normally, you don’t actually see any evidence of oxygen being dissolved in water (apart from the fact that, you know, fish live there).

Humans will never understand and appreciate the true value of dissolved oxygen in water bodies (ponds, lakes, rivers etc.) as much as fish do.

Thus, in a still water body, you don’t see the dissolved oxygen, but when water falls over a cliff – like in a waterfall – the dissolved oxygen presents itself, or rather, makes its presence felt.

Aeration

When water is standing still, or moving at a very relaxed, gentle pace, oxygen dissolves in it through diffusion from the surrounding air.

However, when water flows rapidly, its flow becomes turbulent.

As a result, it offers more surface area for oxygen to diffuse compared to a flat, slow-moving river.

In addition to that, churning waters create turbulence, which causes air to hit the water at a high pressure, allowing more oxygen to dissolve.

This sort of aeration creates tons of small bubbles in water, which are eventually responsible for the white color of waterfalls.

How light reflects off water in a waterfall

If you consider a body of water that’s sitting stationary, then you essentially have one surface from which light can reflect (or even refract).

Just like a mirror, due to the even surface of a plain mirror, light rays that fall on it are reflected at a constant angle.

However, if you roughen up the mirror surface (by denting, scratching or even breaking it), then light rays would still be reflected off it, but in random directions. That’s why crushed glass also looks whitish.

Similarly, in a water body where the water does not show much movement, light reflects at a constant angle.

However, when there’s movement in the water, the reflections you see are no longer as clear.

Tiny air pockets make a waterfall look whitish.

Moreover, if the water is really stirred up, or moving at a high pace (a pace that you can expect from waterfalls), then the trapped air in the water creates bubbles. It is these bubbles (tiny air pockets) that make a waterfall look white.

These bubbles have their individual surfaces, all of which reflect some part of the light falling on them.

This is why you can see reflections of objects on bubbles if you look really closely.

As you can imagine, there are a great deal of bubbles in a waterfall, and all of them are of varying sizes.

This is why light gets reflected in so many random directions, and what you eventually see is an evenly white color of the waterfall.

This is the same mechanism that makes clouds look white.

It’s just a lot of water droplets suspended in the air, all of which scatter light, resulting in the whitish hue of the cloud.

Ashish is a Science graduate (Bachelor of Science) from Punjabi University (India). He spends a lot of time watching movies, and an awful lot more time discussing them. He likes Harry Potter and the Avengers, and obsesses over how thoroughly Science dictates every aspect of life… in this universe, at least.

https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-does-water-appear-white-while-going-over-a-waterfall.html

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SUN AND RAIN : A RECIPE FOR RAINBOWS - Rainbows are basically sunlight spread out into its spectrum of colors for us to see. Because a rainbow is an optical phenomenon (for you sci-fi fans, that's sort of like a hologram) it isn't something that can be touched or that exists in a particular place. Ever wondered where the word "rainbow" comes from? The "rain-" part of it stands for the raindrops required to make it, whereas "-bow" refers to its arc shape. Rainbows tend to pop up during a sunshower so if you guessed sun and rain are two key ingredients to making a rainbow, you're correct. Rainbows form when the following conditions come together: The sun is behind the observer's position and is no more than 42° above the horizon It's raining in front of the observer. Water droplets are floating in the air (this is why we see rainbows right after it rains). The sky is clear enough of clouds for the rainbow to be seen. The rainbow-making process begins when sunlight shines on a raindrop. As the light rays from the sun strike and enter a water droplet, their speed slows down a bit (because water is denser than air). This causes light's path to bend or "refract." Visible light is made up of different color wavelengths (which appear white when mixed together) Light travels in a straight line unless something reflects it, bends (refracts) it, or scatters it. When any of these things happen, the different color wavelengths are separated and can each be seen. So, when a ray of light enters a raindrop and bends, it separates into its component color wavelengths. The light continues traveling through the drop until it bounces (reflects) off the back of the droplet and exits the opposite side of it at a 42° angle.

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Sun and Rain : A Recipe For Rainbows

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Rainbows are basically sunlight spread out into its spectrum of colors – it is an optical phenomenon - it isn't something that can be touched or that exists in a particular place. As the light rays from the sun strike and enter a water droplet, their speed slows down a bit. This causes light's path to bend or "refract." When any of these things happen, the different color wavelengths are separated and can each be seen. So, when a ray of light enters a raindrop and bends, it separates into its component color wavelengths. As long as there's bright sunlight, suspended water droplets, and you're positioned at the proper viewing angle, it's possible a rainbow could be within view! Whether you believe they're a sign of God's promise, or there's a pot of gold waiting for you at their end, rainbows are one of nature's most happy-inducing displays.  

By Tiffany Means

Whether you believe they're a sign of God's promise, or there's a pot of gold waiting for you at their end, rainbows are one of nature's most happy-inducing displays.

Why do we so rarely see rainbows?

And why are they here one minute and gone the next? Click on to explore the answers to these and other rainbow-related questions.

What Is a Rainbow?

Rainbows are basically sunlight spread out into its spectrum of colors for us to see.

Because a rainbow is an optical phenomenon (for you sci-fi fans, that's sort of like a hologram) it isn't something that can be touched or that exists in a particular place.

Ever wondered where the word "rainbow" comes from?

The "rain-" part of it stands for the raindrops required to make it, whereas "-bow" refers to its arc shape.

What Ingredients Are Needed to Make a Rainbow?

Rainbows tend to pop up during a sunshower (rain and sun at the same time) so if you guessed sun and rain are two key ingredients to making a rainbow, you're correct.

Rainbows form when the following conditions come together:

The sun is behind the observer's position and is no more than 42° above the horizon

It's raining in front of the observer

Water droplets are floating in the air (this is why we see rainbows right after it rains)

The sky is clear enough of clouds for the rainbow to be seen.

The Role of Raindrops

The rainbow-making process begins when sunlight shines on a raindrop.

As the light rays from the sun strike and enter a water droplet, their speed slows down a bit (because water is denser than air). This causes light's path to bend or "refract."

Before we go any further, let's mention a few things about light:

Visible light is made up of different color wavelengths (which appear white when mixed together)

Light travels in a straight line unless something reflects it, bends (refracts) it, or scatters it.

When any of these things happen, the different color wavelengths are separated and can each be seen.

So, when a ray of light enters a raindrop and bends, it separates into its component color wavelengths.

The light continues traveling through the drop until it bounces (reflects) off the back of the droplet and exits the opposite side of it at a 42° angle.

As the light (still separated into its range of colors) exits the water droplet, it speeds up as it travels back out into the less dense air and is refracted (a second time) downward to one's eyes.

Apply this process to a whole collection of raindrops in the sky and voilá, you get an entire rainbow.

Why Rainbows Follow ROYGBIV

Ever noticed how a rainbow's colors (from outside edge to inside) always go red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet?

To find out why this is, let's consider raindrops at two levels, one above the other.

In a previous diagram, we see that red light refracts out of the water droplet at steeper angles to the ground.

So, when one looks at a steep angle, the red light from the higher drops travels at the correct angle to meet one's eyes.

(The other color wavelengths exit these drops at more shallow angles, and thus, pass overhead.)

This is why red appears at the top of a rainbow.

Now consider the lower raindrops.

When gazing at shallower angles, all droplets within this line of sight direct violet light to one's eye, while the red light is directed out of the peripheral vision and downward at one's feet.

This is why the color violet appears at the rainbow's bottom.

The raindrops in-between these two levels bounce different colors of light (in order from next longest to next shortest wavelength, top to bottom) so an observer sees the full-color spectrum.

Are Rainbows Really Bow-Shaped?

We now know how rainbows form, but how about where they get their bow shape?

Since raindrops are relatively circular in shape, the reflection they create is also curved.

Believe it or not, a full rainbow is actually a full circle, only we don't see the other half of it because the ground gets in the way.

The lower the sun is to the horizon, the more of the full circle we're able to see.

Airplanes offer a full view since an observer could look both upward and downward to see the complete circular bow.

Double Rainbows

A few slides ago we learned how light goes through a three-step journey (refraction, reflection, refraction) inside of a raindrop to form a primary rainbow.

But sometimes, light hits the back of a raindrop twice instead of just once.

This "re-reflected" light exits the drop at a different angle (50° instead of 42°) resulting in a secondary rainbow which appears above the primary bow.

Because light undergoes two reflections inside the raindrop, and fewer rays go through the 4-step it's intensity is reduced by that second reflection and as a result, it's colors aren't as bright.

Another difference between single and double rainbows is that the color scheme for double rainbows is reversed. (Its colors go violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red.)

This is because violet light from higher raindrops enters one's eyes, while red light from the same drop passes over one's head.

At the same time, red light from lower raindrops enters one's eyes and the red light from these drops is directed at one's feet and isn't seen.

And that dark band in-between the two arcs? It's a result of differing angles of reflection of light through the water droplets. (Meteorologists call it Alexander's dark band.)

Triple Rainbows

In the spring of 2015, social media lit up when a Glen Cove, NY resident shared a mobile photo of what appeared to be a quadruple rainbow.

While possible in theory, triple and quadruple rainbows are extremely rare.

Not only would it require multiple reflections within the raindrop, but each iteration would produce a fainter bow, which would make tertiary and quarternary rainbows quite hard to see.

When they do form, triple rainbows are typically seen up against the inside of the primary arc (as seen in the photo above), or as a small connecting arc between the primary and secondary.

Rainbows Not in the Sky

Rainbows aren't only seen in the sky. A backyard water sprinkler. Mist at the base of a splashing waterfall.

These are all ways you can spot a rainbow.

As long as there's bright sunlight, suspended water droplets, and you're positioned at the proper viewing angle, it's possible a rainbow could be within view!

It's also possible to create a rainbow without involving water. Holding a crystal prism up to a sunny window is one such example.

Tiffany Means

Meteorology Expert

Education

B.S., Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, University of North Carolina

Introduction

Studied atmospheric sciences and meteorology at the University of North Carolina

Former administrative assistant for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Member of the American Meteorological Society

Experience

Tiffany Means is a former writer for ThoughtCo who contributed articles about weather for five years. She has interned with the domestic and international weather departments at CNN, written monthly climate reports for NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Prediction, and participated in a number of science outreach events, including the Science Olympiad Competition. Means has personally experienced such weather greats as the Blizzard of 1993 and the floods of Hurricane Francis (2004) and Ivan (2004).

Education

Bachelor's degree in atmospheric sciences and meteorology from the University of North Carolina at Asheville

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

ThoughtCo is a premier reference site focusing on expert-created education content. We are one of the top-10 information sites in the world as rated by comScore, a leading Internet measurement company. Every month, more than 13 million readers seek answers to their questions on ThoughtCo.

For more than 20 years, Dotdash brands have been helping people find answers, solve problems, and get inspired. We are one of the top-20 largest content publishers on the Internet according to comScore, and reach more than 30% of the U.S. population monthly. Our brands collectively have won more than 20 industry awards in the last year alone, and recently Dotdash was named Publisher of the Year by Digiday, a leading industry publication.

https://www.thoughtco.com/sun-rain-rainbows-3444159

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