Monday, November 30, 2020

CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR LIFE TO EXIST - While scientists can pretty confidently assert those things might be necessary for life on Earth, we should remember that we're basing all our assumptions on, well, Earth. We should all think way more outside the box when it comes to wondering about "life" on other planets. What if we're only looking for carbon-based life and thus fail to recognize the cool planet made up of swirling, cognizant gases? It could happen.- Strange as it may seem, there isn't really one standard definition of life. We can't say that life requires something as specific as breathing or growing; there's just too much variety to living things to nail down one specific criterion. What we can do is talk about some things that all living things on Earth share: They're carbon-based; they require water; they use energy. Perhaps most important for survival, they can grow or reproduce in some way. A main requirement is water, which is necessary for many chemical reactions. Liquid water allows for chemicals to be transported or dissolved, so we do need the water to be between 15 and 115 degrees Celsius so it doesn't vaporize or freeze. Energy -- either in light or chemical form -- is also required for life. Both forms fuel the metabolic reactions that allow life to reproduce. Along with energy, we must make sure that any planet has a protective atmosphere that keeps the radiation from a sun out, while still keeping the planet warm.

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Conditions Required For Life To Exist

What conditions are required for life?

While scientists can pretty confidently assert those things might be necessary for life on Earth, we should remember that we're basing all our assumptions on, well, Earth. We should all think way more outside the box when it comes to wondering about "life" on other planets. What if we're only looking for carbon-based life and thus fail to recognize the cool planet made up of swirling, cognizant gases? It could happen.

BY KATE KERSHNER



Strange as it may seem, there isn't really one standard definition of life.

We can't say that life requires something as specific as breathing or growing; there's just too much variety to living things to nail down one specific criterion.

What we can do is talk about some things that all living things on Earth share: They're carbon-based; they require water; they use energy.

Perhaps most important for survival, they can grow or reproduce in some way.

So, is that all scientists and astrobiologists are looking for when searching for signs of life outside the Earth?

Let's take a deeper look at what is required for life to exist.

As we just said, a main requirement is water, which is necessary for many chemical reactions.

Liquid water allows for chemicals to be transported or dissolved, so we do need the water to be between 59 and 239 degrees Fahrenheit (15 and 115 degrees Celsius) so it doesn't vaporize or freeze.

Energy -- either in light or chemical form -- is also required for life.

Both forms fuel the metabolic reactions that allow life to reproduce.

Along with energy, we must make sure that any planet has a protective atmosphere that keeps the radiation from a sun out, while still keeping the planet warm.

Of course, life also needs nutrients that will help sustain it.

The atmosphere of a planet or moon can even provide these.

Methane, for instance, can produce carbohydrates and fats, which might contribute to my mandatory-cheese-and-wine planet.

These systems need to be able to replenish nutrients, which is no problem if your planet has events like volcanic eruptions or weather systems that produce water.

But here's the rub: While scientists can pretty confidently assert those things might be necessary for life on Earth, we should remember that we're basing all our assumptions on, well, Earth.

We can't know for sure if other planets or moons could be harboring a "life" form that doesn't require the same things Earth-bound systems do.

In the meantime, we'll look for the planets with nutrients, energy and water.

Lots More Information

Author's Note: What conditions are required for life to exist?

We should all think way more outside the box when it comes to wondering about "life" on other planets.

What if we're only looking for carbon-based life and thus fail to recognize the cool planet made up of swirling, cognizant gases? It could happen.

https://youtu.be/ru80xefbu7Q

Kate Kershner, Contributing Writer
Kate Kershner has a degree in creative writing from Western Washington University.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/conditions-required-life.htm


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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SODIUM AND SALT - Technically salt can be any ionic compound formed by reacting an acid and a base, but most of the time the word is used to refer to table salt, which is sodium chloride or NaCl. So, you know salt contains sodium, but the two chemicals aren't the same thing. Sodium is a chemical element. It is very reactive, so it isn't found free in nature. In fact, it undergoes spontaneous combustion in water, so while sodium is essential for human nutrition, you wouldn't want to eat pure sodium. When you ingest salt, the sodium, and the chlorine ions in sodium chloride separate from each other, making the sodium available for your body to use. Sodium is used to transmit nerve impulses and is found in every cell of your body. The balance between sodium and other ions regulates the pressure of cells and is related to your blood pressure, too. Since sodium levels are so critical to so many chemical reactions in your body, the amount of sodium you eat or drink has important implications for your health. If you are trying to regulate or limit your intake of sodium, you need to realize the quantity of salt you eat is related to the amount of sodium but is not the same. This is because salt contains both sodium and chlorine, so when salt dissociates into its ions, the mass is divided (not equally) between sodium and chlorine ions. The reason salt isn't just half sodium and half chlorine is because a sodium ion and a chlorine ion don't weight the same amount. While table salt is an obvious source of sodium, the CDC reports 40% of dietary sodium comes from 10 foods.

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The Difference Between Sodium and Salt

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

 

Technically salt can be any ionic compound formed by reacting an acid and a base, but most of the time the word is used to refer to table salt, which is sodium chloride or NaCl.

So, you know salt contains sodium, but the two chemicals aren't the same thing.

Sodium

Sodium is a chemical element. It is very reactive, so it isn't found free in nature.

In fact, it undergoes spontaneous combustion in water, so while sodium is essential for human nutrition, you wouldn't want to eat pure sodium.

When you ingest salt, the sodium, and the chlorine ions in sodium chloride separate from each other, making the sodium available for your body to use.

Sodium in the Body

Sodium is used to transmit nerve impulses and is found in every cell of your body.

The balance between sodium and other ions regulates the pressure of cells and is related to your blood pressure, too.

Amount Of Sodium in Salt

Since sodium levels are so critical to so many chemical reactions in your body, the amount of sodium you eat or drink has important implications for your health.

If you are trying to regulate or limit your intake of sodium, you need to realize the quantity of salt you eat is related to the amount of sodium but is not the same.

This is because salt contains both sodium and chlorine, so when salt dissociates into its ions, the mass is divided (not equally) between sodium and chlorine ions.

The reason salt isn't just half sodium and half chlorine is because a sodium ion and a chlorine ion don't weight the same amount.

Sample Salt and Sodium Calculation

For example, here is how to calculate the amount of sodium in 3 grams (g) of salt. You will notice 3 grams of salt does not contain 3 grams of sodium, nor is half the mass of salt from sodium, so 3 grams of salt does not contain 1.5 grams of sodium:

·           Na: 22.99 grams/mole

·           Cl: 35.45 grams/mole

·          mole of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 g = 58.5 grams per mole

·         Sodium is 23/58.5 x 100% = 39.3% of salt is sodium

Then the amount of sodium in 3 grams of salt = 39.3% x 3 = 1.179 g or about 1200 mg

An easy way to calculate the amount of sodium in salt is to realize 39.3% of the amount of salt comes from sodium.

Just multiply 0.393 times the mass of the salt and you will have the mass of sodium.

Top Dietary Sources of Sodium

While table salt is an obvious source of sodium, the CDC reports 40% of dietary sodium comes from 10 foods.

The list may be surprising because many of these foods don't taste particularly salty:

·               Bread

·               Cured meats (e.g., cold cuts, bacon)

·               Pizza

·               Poultry

·               Soup

·               Sandwiches

·               Cheese

·               Pasta (usually cooked with salted water)

·               Meat dishes

·               Snack foods

Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Chemistry Expert

Education

Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville

B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College

Introduction

Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville - Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Science educator with experience teaching chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels.

ThoughtCo and About Education chemistry expert since 2001.

Widely-published graphic artist, responsible for printable periodic tables and other illustrations used in science.

Experience

Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D. has covered chemistry for ThoughtCo and About Education since 2001, and other sciences since 2013. She taught chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels. She has worked as a research scientist and also abstracting and indexing diverse scientific literature for the Department of Energy.

In addition to her work as a science writer, Dr. Helmenstine currently serves as a scientific consultant, specializing in problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Previously, she worked as a research scientist and college professor.

Education

Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and a B.A. in physics and mathematics with a minor in chemistry from Hastings College. In her doctoral work, Dr. Helmenstine developed ultra-sensitive chemical detection and medical diagnostic tests.

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

ThoughtCo is a premier reference site focusing on expert-created education content. We are one of the top-10 information sites in the world as rated by comScore, a leading Internet measurement company. Every month, more than 13 million readers seek answers to their questions on ThoughtCo.

For more than 20 years, Dotdash brands have been helping people find answers, solve problems, and get inspired. We are one of the top-20 largest content publishers on the Internet according to comScore, and reach more than 30% of the U.S. population monthly. Our brands collectively have won more than 20 industry awards in the last year alone, and recently Dotdash was named Publisher of the Year by Digiday, a leading industry publication.

https://www.thoughtco.com/difference-between-sodium-and-salt-608498

Sunday, November 29, 2020

THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER HYDRATION - Make drinking water part of your daily routine; start your day with a glass of water, and drink small to moderate amounts of water several times a day. Eat foods that are water-rich, like fruits and vegetables. Note that coffee, soda, milk, juice, and alcohol are not adequate alternatives to hydration, and in some cases may cause dehydration due to diuretic effects. Be aware of the signs of dehydration, especially during exercise or during hot days; dark urine, fatigue, or mental dullness are common signs of dehydration. When feeling hungry, drink water; thirst is often confused with hunger. Especially when working out or if you have been sweating, supplement water intake with electrolyte drinks such as coconut water in order to replenish lost sodium and maintain your body’s electrolyte balance. The average adult human body is made up of 65-75% water, as water is in every cell, from blood, to muscles, to organs, and even in the brain, which consists of 70-80% water. At its most basic level, hydration is the act of keeping our body parts full of water. When we say “proper hydration,” one might think of the classic guideline of eight 8-oz glasses of water a day. But that guideline does not take into account variances in body size and weight. Modern guidelines for adequate water intake advises the following formula for proper daily hydration: Ounces of water to drink = ½ x (Body weight in pounds).

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The Importance Of Proper Hydration
.,

Make drinking water part of your daily routine; start your day with a glass of water, and drink small to moderate amounts of water several times a day. Eat foods that are water-rich, like fruits and vegetables. Note that coffee, soda, milk, juice, and alcohol are not adequate alternatives to hydration, and in some cases may cause dehydration due to diuretic effects. Be aware of the signs of dehydration, especially during exercise or during hot days; dark urine, fatigue, or mental dullness are common signs of dehydration. When feeling hungry, drink water; thirst is often confused with hunger. Especially when working out or if you have been sweating, supplement water intake with electrolyte drinks such as coconut water in order to replenish lost sodium and maintain your body’s electrolyte balance.

Multipure



Our Multipure Spotlight this month is “Hydration Solution,” so for this article, we’re going to start with the basics: The Importance of Proper Hydration, covering the necessity of water toward body functions, the effects of dehydration, and tips to maintain proper hydration.

The average adult human body is made up of 65-75% water, as water is in every cell, from blood, to muscles, to organs, and even in the brain, which consists of 70-80% water.

At its most basic level, hydration is the act of keeping our body parts full of water.

When we say “proper hydration,” one might think of the classic guideline of eight 8-oz glasses of water a day.

But that guideline does not take into account variances in body size and weight.

Modern guidelines for adequate water intake advises the following formula for proper daily hydration: Ounces of water to drink = ½ x (Body weight in pounds). 

So, someone who weighs 160 lbs. would need to drink ½ x 160, or 80 ounces of water. This is equivalent to ten 8-oz glasses of water a day.

Proper hydration has an effect on the maintenance and operation of the body’s:

·               Blood pressure

·               Mental sharpness and concentration

·               Temperature regulation

·               Body metabolism

·               Joint lubrication

·               Food digestion

·               Body waste elimination

·               Skin and hair

Effects of Hydration on Skin

In a previous article, we examined in detail the effects of hydration on skin and hair. In summary, we concluded that proper hydration :

·         Keeps your collagen hydrated, which can result in smoother, less wrinkle-prone skin.

·         Keeps your capillaries healthy, which can result in reduced puffiness and dark circles around the eyes.

·         Improves microcirculation, improving density and thickness of skin layers.

Effects of Hydration on Hair

·         Improves the health of the scalp, which can result in less dandruff development.

·         Helps deliver nutrients to the scalp, allowing for fuller, more lustrous hair.

Effects of Hydration on Nutrition and Body Weight

Proper hydration can have positive effects on nutrition and body weight, as the water not only contributes to a feeling of fullness in the stomach (and thus discourages overeating), but can also balance or mitigate excessive levels of certain nutrients.

One study by the University of Illinois found that adults who increased their water intake by just one percent also simultaneously reduced their consumption of salt, cholesterol, sugar, and fat.

This reduction is likely a result of the water consumption replacing or reducing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and snack foods, which also correlates to a reduction in caloric intake.

Another study on hydration and weight loss found that increased hydration had a positive effect on the body’s ability to metabolize body fat, thus resulting in greater level of fat loss.

Furthermore, proper hydration can improve the gastrointestinal tract.

Hydration allows for better nutrient absorption through the improvement of gastric secretions.

Further down the intestines, proper hydration also allows for softer stools, reducing the risk of constipation and enabling more effective waste elimination.

Symptoms of Dehydration

Dehydration can occur through exercise, extreme temperatures, medical conditions or illnesses, or simply by not consuming enough fluids or water rich foods.

Water is lost through urination and defection, through sweat, and even through breathing.

While water lost through daily activities are typically replenished by daily water consumption, when not enough water is replenished, dehydration will show through several symptoms:

·               Darker-colored urine, or little amounts of urine

·               Constipation

·               Dry mouth

·               Fatigue

·               Extreme thirst

·               Decreased concentration

·               Headache

·               Dizziness, lightheadedness, or confusion

·               Little to no tears when crying

Effects of Dehydration on Skin

The skin’s health is maintained through oils and proteins, both of which are reduced by a lack of proper hydration. This leads to the following negative effects on skin:

·               Dry, cracked, or rough skin

·               Redness

·               Itching

·               Scaling, flaking, or peeling

·               Dull complexion

·               Sunken or darkened skin around the eyes

·               Increased wrinkling and aging signs

Effects of Dehydration on Muscles

Proper hydration is essential to proper blood circulation, as 80% of blood is made up of water.

This, in turn, makes hydration important to muscles, both to transport oxygen and nutrients to muscles, and to transport waste byproducts (i.e., lactic acid) away from muscles during and after exercise.

Dehydration’s effects on muscles are demonstrated through several possible negative symptoms:

·               Muscle fatigue

·               Muscle cramps

·               Muscle spasms

·               Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

Effects of Dehydration on the Brain

Because the brain’s composition is 70-80% water, dehydration can substantially affect cognitive ability.

The brain is a very complex organ, whose organic chemistry is carefully balanced and maintained. Reducing its water levels can have a profound impact on its ability to effectively function.

Even just a 1% dehydration in the brain can negatively affect mood, memory, concentration, and motor skills.

Dehydration’s effects on the brain are exacerbated by the fact that dehydration indicators do not occur in real time by the brain; by the time the brain understands that the body is becoming dehydrated, organs and tissues have already experienced symptoms of dehydration.

In the brain, that means that mood swings and loss of concentration are already occurring by the time you are aware of your dehydration.

Studies even suggest that the effects of dehydration on the brain’s ability to perform are similar to the effects of alcohol intoxication.

Effects of Overhydration

While not as common an occurrence as dehydration, overhydration – the intake and presence of an excessive amount of water in the body – can be just as harmful to your health.

Overhydration can occur when more than 32 ounces (1 quart) of water have been consumed in an hour or less; this is equivalent to drinking four 8-oz glasses of water.

While the body will naturally attempt to dispose of excess water through urination, overhydration can overtax the kidneys, causing the additional water to be stored in other cells and tissues.

This causes the body’s sodium levels to become unbalanced; salt and other electrolytes become too diluted, which negatively impacts cellular function.

With too much water, cells begin to swell, and in the brain, this can lead to confusion and even brain damage.

Rapid overhydration, where electrolytes drop too low too quickly, can even lead to death.

Symptoms of overhydration include:

·               Nausea and vomiting

·               Headache

·               Confusion or disorientation

·               Muscle weakness, spasms, or cramps

·               Seizures

·               Coma

Tips for Proper Hydration

Given the dangers of both dehydration and overhydration, and the importance of proper hydration on body function, here are some tips to achieve and maintain proper hydration:

·         Make drinking water part of your daily routine; start your day with a glass of water, and drink small to moderate amounts of water several times a day.

·         Eat foods that are water-rich, like fruits and vegetables. Note that coffee, soda, milk, juice, and alcohol are not adequate alternatives to hydration, and in some cases may cause dehydration due to diuretic effects. Some recommend to “offset” each cup of non-water beverage consumed with a cup of water consumed – this is especially true when drinking any alcoholic beverage.

·         Be aware of the signs of dehydration, especially during exercise or during hot days; dark urine, fatigue, or mental dullness are common signs of dehydration.

·         Keep a reusable water bottle filled with Multipure water with you when leaving the house.

·         When feeling hungry, drink water; thirst is often confused with hunger.

·         Especially when working out or if you have been sweating, supplement water intake with electrolyte drinks such as coconut water in order to replenish lost sodium and maintain your body’s electrolyte balance.

·         Use a Multipure drinking water system to ensure yourself the cleanest, healthiest water for proper hydration.

With all this in mind, we hope you understand more about the importance of proper hydration. Spread the word to others, and help them Taste the Difference of Multipure and stay hydrated.

Multipure is a company that believes in improving quality of life, whether by providing products to make people healthier, or by providing the opportunity for financial success. Multipure believes in family, and in work that complements home and family life.

Multipure believes that everyone should have affordable access to high quality drinking water - water that is clean, delicious, and healthful; water that is free of contaminants that could negatively affect its taste, its appearance, and its healthfulness; water that is perfect for families, children, and pets.

Multipure is not just the industry leader and provider of the best drinking water systems in the world. Multipure believes in providing the tools for people to create their own success, to achieve their dreams, and to help others discover their opportunity. Through the Multipure Business Opportunity, Multipure wants to help people achieve not just success, but personal growth and development, to help them gain self-awareness and self-confidence, and help them discover and utilize their inner potential.

Multipure wants to improve the world, one glass of water at a time, one person at a time.

https://www.multipure.com/purely-social/science/the-importance-of-proper-hydration/


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Thirsty for the Water of Life

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https://puricarechronicles.blogspot.com/2019/07/thirsting-for-water-of-life-are-you.html

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 Dehydration

you're not hitting your daily water quota

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https://puricare.blogspot.com/2020/07/dehydration-dehydration-occurs-when.html

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Living Waters of Life

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https://puricarechronicles.blogspot.com/2019/09/living-waters-of-life-lord-jesus-was.html

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Water In Your Body

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https://puricare.blogspot.com/2018/07/water-in-your-body-amount-of-water-in.html

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Water As A Symbol For The Holy Spirit 

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https://puricarechronicles.blogspot.com/2018/08/water-as-symbol-for-holy-spirit-jesus.html