CHEMICAL WARFARE - MUSTARD GAS - Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time. It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas. Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove. If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life. For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison. - Mustard gas or dichlorodiethyl sulfide, causes severe burns to the eyes, skin and lungs. Its full effects are sometimes felt days later and cause severe incapacitation. Mustard gas was an important development in chemical warfare, believed to have first been used near Ypres 12th July 1917. Its chemical formula is Cl-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-Cl, as pictured on the right. Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time. It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas. Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove. If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life. For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison. If inhaled it causes blistering of the lining of the lungs causing great distress and in severe cases death.

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Chemical warfare

Mustard gas

If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life. For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison.

.

Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time. It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas. Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove. 

Science of Conflict

dynamicscience.com.au

 

Mustard gas or dichlorodiethyl sulfide, causes severe burns to the eyes, skin and lungs.

Its full effects are sometimes felt days later and cause severe incapacitation.

Mustard gas was an important development in chemical warfare, believed to have first been used near Ypres 12th July 1917.  

Its chemical formula is Cl-CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-Cl, as pictured on the right.

Mustard gas proved to be a very nasty poison for it could penetrate all protective material at the time.

It could penetrate clothing and masks and only recently, with the discovery of urethane, can protective material resist mustard gas.

Mustard gas is insoluble in water and therefore proved difficult to remove.

If troops survived the inhalation of mustard gas, exposure would surely cause cancer later in life.

For this reason mustard gas was a feared poison. If inhaled it causes blistering of the lining of the lungs causing great distress and in severe cases death.

Exposure to high concentration of mustard gas causes damage to the cornea of the eye and eventual blindness.    

Mustard gas is a persistent chemical which remains in the environment for days and continues to cause poisoning.

If a soldier's clothing and equipment became contaminated with mustard gas then other soldiers, he came into contact with, would also be contaminated.

1) What is a blistering agent?

2) As mustard gas reacts with water it splits into highly toxic chemicals. One of these chemicals is known as hydrochloric acid. Describe the effects of hydrochloric acid on skin.

3) Why are the lungs so susceptible to mustard gas?

4) Why was mustard gas such a feared poison?

5) Was it effective as a lethal weapon?

6) Describe the impact of a mustard gas attack on enemy troops. Discuss with reference to the demand placed on medical resources, psychological impact.

7) Why was mustard gas not widely used during WW2?

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/war/mustargas.htm

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VIETNAM WAR - AGENT ORANGE - Agent Orange work on broad leaf plants by mimicking growth hormones, which results in rapid, uncontrolled growth and eventual death of the plant. During the Vietnam conflict many different types of herbicides were mixed with kerosene and sprayed from aircraft. Often the chemicals rained down on American, Australian and Vietnamese troops as well as civilians. Many returned service men and women blame exposure to agent orange for the many illnesses suffered after the war. Illnesses such as cancer, mood swings, depression, skin problems and birth defects. Agent orange was the name given to a very potent herbicide used by the U.S. military in its war in Vietnam. This herbicide was used for ten years, from 1961 to 1971, to defoliate the forests of Vietnam and hence make the Viet cong (Vietnamese communists) visible from the air and to eradicate the enemies food source by the destruction of crops. In total 24,000 Km2 or 6 million acres were sprayed in Vietnam. Agent Orange is a 1:1 mixture of two herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). These herbicides work on broad leaf plants by mimicking growth hormones, which results in rapid, uncontrolled growth and eventual death of the plant. These herbicides were first developed in 1946 and were widely used in agriculture during the 1950s.

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Vietnam war - Agent Orange

Agent Orange work on broad leaf plants by mimicking growth hormones, which results in rapid, uncontrolled growth and eventual death of the plant. 

.

During the Vietnam conflict many different types of herbicides were mixed with kerosene and sprayed from aircraft. Often the chemicals rained down on American, Australian and Vietnamese troops as well as civilians. Many returned service men and women blame exposure to agent orange for the many illnesses suffered after the war. Illnesses such as cancer, mood swings, depression, skin problems and birth defects.

Science of Conflict

dynamicscience.com.au

 

Agent orange was the name given to a very potent herbicide used by the U.S. military in its war in Vietnam.

This herbicide was used for ten years, from 1961 to 1971, to defoliate the forests of Vietnam and hence make the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists) visible from the air and to eradicate the enemies food source by the destruction of crops.

In total 24,000 Km² or 6 million acres were sprayed in Vietnam.

Agent Orange is a 1:1 mixture of two herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T).

These herbicides work on broad leaf plants by mimicking growth hormones, which results in rapid, uncontrolled growth and eventual death of the plant.

These herbicides were first developed in 1946 and were widely used in agriculture during the 1950s.

During the Vietnam conflict many different types of herbicides were mixed with kerosene and sprayed from aircraft.

Often the chemicals rained down on American, Australian and Vietnamese troops as well as civilians.

Many returned service men and women blame exposure to agent orange for the many illnesses suffered after the war.

Illnesses such as cancer, mood swings, depression, skin problems and birth defects.

Did the defoliation of millions of acres of forest assist in the war against the communist forces?

Research the lasting effects of Agent Orange and the impact on the local civilians that remains to this day.

Were adequate precautions taken during the spraying to protect the troops and civilians? Explain.

Can this be considered a case of chemical warfare?

Although the herbicides are relatively safe a byproduct of their manufacture is not.

Dioxin or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) pictured on the right, is produced as a byproduct of the manufacture of 2,4,5-T.

Dioxin is a potent human carcinogen and as a consequence is banned in many countries.

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/war/vietnamagentorange.htm

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