SCIENCE OF SCENT - How Perfumes Work - Scents are basically made up of specific molecules that we sense through receptors in our nose. These molecules are composed of atoms bonded together by elastic bonds. These molecules, along with their bonds, have the capacity to vibrate at specific frequencies. In order for our olfactory receptors in our noses to sense the specific scent, they must be able to somehow translate this vibration into electrical signals that can be sent to the brain. Our sense of smell is probably the one sense as humans that we so quickly overlook or ignore. This underrated sense shapes our lives in more ways than one and has a far greater influence on our behavior than we realize. Relying on our keen sense of smell, and playing a vital role in cultures all over the world, is scent. Scents are used in perfumes and deodorants, and the various scents tantalizingly play with our complex sense of smell (our “olfactory” sense) to elicit a variety of emotions. Recent research is now shedding light on the precise science behind our perception of different scents. Scents are basically made up of specific molecules that we sense through receptors in our nose. These molecules are composed of atoms bonded together by elastic bonds. These molecules, along with their bonds, have the capacity to vibrate at specific frequencies. The vibration theory attempts to explain how the molecules involved in scents are physically sensed by our noses.

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Science Of Scent

How Do Perfumes Work?

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Scents are basically made up of specific molecules that we sense through receptors in our nose. These molecules are composed of atoms bonded together by elastic bonds. These molecules, along with their bonds, have the capacity to vibrate at specific frequencies. In order for our olfactory receptors in our noses to sense the specific scent, they must be able to somehow translate this vibration into electrical signals that can be sent to the brain.

By Brendan D'mello

Our sense of smell is probably the one sense as humans that we so quickly overlook or ignore.

This underrated sense shapes our lives in more ways than one and has a far greater influence on our behavior than we realize.

Relying on our keen sense of smell, and playing a vital role in cultures all over the world, is scent.

Scents are used in perfumes and deodorants, and the various scents tantalizingly play with our complex sense of smell (our “olfactory” sense) to elicit a variety of emotions.

Recent research is now shedding light on the precise science behind our perception of different scents.

The Vibration Theory

Scents are basically made up of specific molecules that we sense through receptors in our nose.

These molecules are composed of atoms bonded together by elastic bonds. These molecules, along with their bonds, have the capacity to vibrate at specific frequencies.

How do these vibrations result in us sensing the scent?

In order for our noses (more specifically, the olfactory receptors in our noses) to sense the specific scent, they must be able to somehow translate this vibration into electrical signals that can be sent to the brain.

Basically, the vibrating molecules act as a bridge to help the electrons pass an energy gap.

Therefore, the specific vibrational energies of the different molecules are necessary to activate olfactory pathways that are specific to that scent.

Now, if this vibration theory is correct, molecules that vibrate at similar frequencies should smell the same, right?

This theory was put to the test by biophysicist Luca Turin.

The specific molecule that gives rotten eggs their characteristically awful smell is hydrogen sulfide (sulfur + hydrogen).

It was found that there was one other molecule that vibrated at a similar frequency, which was Borane (boron + hydrogen).

Does this mean that Borane also smells like rotten eggs? The answer is:

This sensational discovery gave some serious credibility to the vibration theory, and sent Luca Turin into the commercial world, where a company was created around his theory.

Making Life Easier

The main purpose of research into finding molecules that gave off desired scents was to make an entire set of related molecules and then test them to see how they smelled.

Obviously, this is a very time-consuming way of testing scents, so Luca Turin decided to try his own method.

Since this new method depended on testing the vibrational frequencies of various molecules, the job could easily be done by a computer, which could test thousands of molecules in a relatively short amount of time.

When he was told to come up with an alternative to the molecule coumarin (which gives off a highly desired scent used in men’s perfumes, but which also happens to be carcinogenic), he went in search of other molecules that fit within the same vibrational bracket as coumarin.

What a colleague of Turin found was a molecule that is closely related to coumarin, but which had an additional carbon ring.

Another theory trying to solve the science of scent stated that the scent given off by a particular molecule depends on the shape of that molecule.

If this theory had been correct, it would have meant that the new molecule found by Turin had no chance of smelling the same as coumarin.

Luca Turin

Thankfully, Turin was once again correct in his assumptions, and the new molecule, called Tonkene, turned out to smell exactly like coumarin.

That is the main gist of the fascinating vibration theory, which attempts to explain how the molecules involved in scents are physically sensed by our noses.

As you can see, the theory has developed some credibility in the scientific world and the subsequent research done by Turin and his colleagues lends further support to this theory.

That being said, as is so common in the scientific community, there has also been research working against this theory, and the debate on “shape vs. vibration” still rages on.

It will be very interesting to see which one comes out on top.

Brendan has a Bachelors of Science degree in Biotechnology from Mumbai University (India). He likes superheroes, and swears loyalty to members of the Justice League. He likes to take part in discussions regarding the human body, and when he is not doing that, he is generally reading superhero trivia.

https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/fascinating-theory-explaining-science-scent.html

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DOWSING - The dowser, by concentrating on the hidden object, is somehow able to tune in to the energy force or "vibration" of the object which, in turn, forces the dowsing rod or stick to move. The dowsing tool may act as a kind of amplifier or antenna for tuning into the energy.

Dowsing

All About Dowsing

 by Stephen Wagner

IT'S AN ANCIENT ART USED FOR FINDING WATER, BURIED TREASURE AND EVEN MISSING PEOPLE.

HERE'S WHAT IT IS, HOW IT WORKS, THE METHODS AND TOOLS -- AND HOW YOU CAN LEARN TO DOWSE

A man walking through an empty field holding a Y-shaped stick before him in both hands can be a peculiar sight.

What is he doing? Either he's leading some bizarre, solitary parade... or he's dowsing.

WHAT IS DOWSING?

Dowsing, in general terms, is the art of finding hidden things.

Usually, this is accomplished with the aid of a dowsing stick, rods or a pendulum.

Also known as divining, water witching, doodlebugging and other names, dowsing is an ancient practice whose origins are lost in long-forgotten history.

However, it is thought to date back at least 8,000 years. Wall murals, estimated to be about 8,000 years old, discovered in the Tassili Caves of North Africa depict tribesmen surrounding a man with a forked stick, possibly dowsing for water.

Artwork from ancient China and Egypt seem to show people using forked tools in what might have been dowsing activities.

Dowsing may have been mentioned in the Bible, although not by name, when Moses and Aaron used a "rod" to locate water.

The first unambiguous written accounts of dowsing come from the Middle Ages when dowsers in Europe used it to help find coal deposits.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, dowsers were often denounced as practitioners of evil.

Martin Luther said dowsing was "the work of devil" (and hence the term "water witching").

In more modern times, dowsing has been used to find water for wells, mineral deposits, oil, buried treasure, archaeological artifacts - even missing people.

How the dowsing technique was first discovered is unknown, yet those who practice it are unwavering in their affirmations that it does work.

HOW DOES DOWSING WORK?

The quick answer is that no one really knows - not even experienced dowsers.

Some theorize there is a psychic connection established between the dowser and the sought object.

All things, living and inanimate, the theory suggests, possess an energy force.

The dowser, by concentrating on the hidden object, is somehow able to tune in to the energy force or "vibration" of the object which, in turn, forces the dowsing rod or stick to move.

The dowsing tool may act as a kind of amplifier or antenna for tuning into the energy.

Skeptics, of course, say that dowsing doesn't work at all. Dowsers who seem to have a track record for success, they contend, are either lucky or they have good instincts or trained knowledge for where water, minerals and the like can be found.

For believer or skeptic, there's no definitive proof either way.

Albert Einstein, however, was convinced of the authenticity of dowsing. He said, "I know very well that many scientists consider dowsing as they do astrology, as a type of ancient superstition. According to my conviction this is, however, unjustified. The dowsing rod is a simple instrument which shows the reaction of the human nervous system to certain factors which are unknown to us at this time."

WHO CAN DOWSE?

Dowers say that anyone can do it. Like most psychic abilities, it may be a latent power that all humans possess.

And, like any other ability, the average person might become better at it with practice. However, there are some people whose dowsing powers are extraordinary:

·      Emmy Kittemann, daughter of a dowser, was one of the most acclaimed dowsers in Germany. In her most famous case, she correctly dowsed the location of a mineralized spring for the village of Tegernsee. All previous drillings found only water with heavy sulfur content. Yet Kitteman accurately predicted the depth at which the water would be found as well as its iodine-rich content.

·      In 17th century France, Jacques Aymar Vernay, a stonemason by trade, used his dowsing talents to successfully track criminals. His dowsing rod, on more than one occasion, led authorities to the whereabouts of murderers.

·       In December, 1992, a Mr. and Mrs. Anders and Berith Lindgren were hunting with their friends when their dog ran off and disappeared. An extensive search proved fruitless. A few days later they sought the help of dowser Leif Andersson. His dowsing techniques led the hunters to a small lake where they indeed found the body of the dog, where it had apparently fallen through the thin ice and died.

Dowsing is one of the few psychic talents that can be applied directly for profitable result or as a business.

Some well-known names from history practiced dowsing, including Leonardo De Vinci, Robert Boyle (considered the father of modern chemistry), Charles Richet (a Nobel Prize winner), General Rommel of the German Army, and General George S. Patton.

"General Patton," writes Don Nolan in his article A Brief History of Dowsing , "had a complete willow tree flown to Morocco so that a dowser could use branches from it to find water to replace the wells the German Army had blown up. The British army used dowsers on the Falkland Islands to remove mines."

Professor Hans Dieter Betz (professor of physics, Munich university) headed a team of scientists that investigated the ability of dowsers to find underground drinkable supplies, taking them to 10 different countries.

On the advice of dowers, they sank some 2,000 wells with a very high success rate. In Sri Lanka, where the geological conditions are said to be difficult, some 691 wells were drilled for, based on the advice of dowsers, with a 96% success rate.

Geohydrologists given the same task took two months to evaluate a site where a dowser would compete his survey in minutes.

The geohydrologists had a 21% success rate, as a result of which the German government has sponsored 100 dowers to work in the arid zones of Southern India to find drinkable water.

TYPES OF DOWSING

There are several types or methods of dowsing:

·      Forked stick. The most traditional method uses a small Y-shaped tree branch (most often from a willow). The dowser holds the branch parallel to the ground by the top of the Y shape, then walks over the area to be probed. When the dowser passes over the sought object, the end of the branch is drawn down, pointing to the spot at which the object can be found.

·      Rods. An alternate method uses two L-shaped metal rods, one held in each hand parallel to the ground and parallel to each other. In this case, when the dowser passes over the sought object, the rods either swing apart or cross each other. You can easily make dowsing rods from wire coat hangers.

·      Map dowsing. Some dowsers don't even have to visit the location to be dowsed. For them, a map of the area is sufficient over which they hold a pendulum. They know they have located the target area when the pendulum begins to move in a circle or back and forth.

http://paranormal.about.com/od/dowsing/a/All-About-Dowsing.htm 

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