Cooling Pads And Bird Heat Stress
Poultry housing tips: Without air movement
evaporative cooling pads can increase bird heat stress
by Michael Czarick and Dr. Brian Fairchild
Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Though evaporative cooling is used around the world
to keep birds cool during hot weather, by itself it is not a very effective
method of reducing bird heat stress. To understand why, one must understand how
a bird cools itself.
Poultry feed is rich in energy/calories (similar in
energy density to chocolate cake with frosting). The energy in the feed is used
by the birds to grow, produce eggs, move, as well as, power the basic functions
of life (breathing, pumping blood, maintaining body temperature, immunity,
etc.).
Though we view birds as very efficient animals, the
fact is that only 25% of the energy in the feed consumed is actually used for
these functions, the remaining 75% is essentially put off in the form of heat –
heat a bird must rid itself of in order to maintain normal body temperature and
survive.
In a way, a bird is not that different from an
automobile. A gallon of gas is packed full of energy. The car’s engine
“consumes” the gasoline and uses the energy from the fuel for motion, power the
air conditioning system, lights, radio, as well as power basic functions
(pulling air into the engine ,pumping gasoline, maintaining proper engine temperature,
etc.).
Like a bird only, a small percentage of the energy
in the fuel is used for these purposes (approximately 35%), the remainder is
put off in the form of excess heat. If the engine does not rid itself of this
heat (primarily though the use of its radiator and tailpipe), the engine
temperature can increase to a point where the engine will seize up and “die”.
A bird rids itself of excess heat primarily in two
ways:
(1) it loses heat to the air around it (sensible
heat loss) and
(2) it loses heat through the evaporation of water
off of its respiratory system (latent heat loss).
Sensible heat loss is fairly simple to understand.
The bird’s body is warmer than the air and therefore the bird loses heat to the
air surrounding it. The cooler the air the greater the amount of heat loss. The
warmer the air, the smaller the amount of heat loss.
Latent, or evaporative heat loss can be a harder
concept to understand. As a bird breathes, moisture evaporates from the
respiratory system. As this moisture evaporates, heat is removed from the bird
much as the evaporative cooling pads “remove” heat from air entering a house
during hot weather.
As you might expect, the amount of heat a bird
loses through the evaporation of moisture off of its respiratory
system depends on the relative humidity of the air it breathes. The lower
the relative humidity, the more moisture the bird can evaporate off of its
respiratory system the more heat which is removed from the body.
Conversely, the higher the humidity the lower the
amount of moisture evaporated from its respiratory system the lower the amount
of heat removed. From the day a bird is hatched, it continually utilizes both
these methods of heat removal to maintain an ideal body temperature.
How much heat are we talking about? At 70°F, a five
pound broiler produces approximately 60 Btu’s of heat each hour, which is
roughly equivalent to the amount of heat produced by a 25 watt incandescent
light bulb.
At a relative humidity of 50%, approximately 36
Btu’s/hr of heat (60%) is lost from a bird through the evaporation of moisture
off its respiratory system and 24 Btu’s/hr(40%) is lost to the air surrounding
a bird.
How does this compare to you and me? Seated and at
rest the average male adult will produce approximately 340 Btu’s of heat each
hour (1/7 of the heat produced by a broiler on a per pound basis).
Only 28% of our heat loss is due to the evaporation
of moisture from our respiratory system and skin (perspiration). 72% of our
heat loss is lost to the air surrounding us.
We are far less dependent upon the cooling produced
by the evaporation of moisture to maintain our body temperature than are birds.
As a result we are much less sensitive to high humidity situations than are the
birds we grow.
Figure 2 illustrates how much a bird’s ability to
rid itself of excess heat is affected by relative humidity (Genc and Portier,
2003).
At an air temperature of 77°F, total heat loss from
a five pound broiler decreases from 60 Btu’s/hr to approximately 40 Btu’s/hr as
relative humidity increases from 50% to 90%. This means that as relative
humidity increases, a bird’s body temperature will rise, and as a result, the
bird will reduce its consumption of feed to reduce the amount of heat it is
producing.
It is important to note that though at an air
temperature of 70°F (50% Rh) approximately 60% of a bird’s heat loss is through
evaporation; at 77°F (50% Rh), 75% of a birds heat loss is through evaporation.
This increase in evaporative heat loss is a result
of the fact that the higher the air temperature, the lower the amount of heat
the bird will lose to the air surrounding it, and the more it has to rely
on the evaporation of moisture from its respiratory system to remove excess
heat from its body.
A bird can
increase evaporative heat loss through the act of panting (increasing the
amount of air moving over its respiratory system). But, the problem is that as
the relative humidity of the air increases, panting becomes less effective,
which results in an overall decrease in heat loss from a bird.
The decrease in heat loss will result in an
increase in body temperature which in turn will lead to a reduction in feed
consumption in an effort to generate less heat. The increase in panting diverts
energy from growth and the reduction in feed consumption results in reduction
in feed conversion efficiency and weight gains.
A temperature of 77°F is not what most people would
view as a “stressful” temperature, but in fact for a bird it can very well be
demanding if the relative humidity is high. As illustrated in Figure 2,the
total heat loss from a five-pound-bird decreases approximately 25% as humidity
increases from 50 to 70%.
If the relative humidity increases to 90%, the heat
loss from a bird is decreased by nearly 35%. A reduction in heat loss from a
bird of this magnitude will result in significantly increased body temperature
and substantially reduce bird performance.
What happens to birds at higher air temperatures?
At 86°F and a relative humidity of 50%, total heat
loss from a five-pound bird drops to approximately 45 Btu’s/hr (a decrease of
25% from 77°F, 50% Rh).
Now, nearly 80% of the birds heat loss is through
respiration! This means that the relative humidity of the air in a house has an
even greater effect on the bird’s ability to maintain a proper body
temperature.
If the relative humidity of the air in a house were
to increase to 90%, total heat loss from a bird would be reduced by 70% because
heat loss through respiration drops to essentially zero.
In short, the research has shown that between a
relative humidity of 70% and 90% (at an air temperature of 86°F), respiratory
heat loss for a five pound-bird goes from approximately 35 Btu’s/hr to
essentially zero. Since the amount of heat loss from the surfaces of the bird
to the air is minimal (approximately 13 Btu’s/hr) a bird will not be able to
survive (Figure 3).
Here is the problem growers face. During hot
weather we use evaporative cooling to lower our house temperatures to increase
the transfer of heat from the birds to the air (sensible heat loss). The
downside is that this cooling comes at a cost, increased humidity.
For every 1°F of cooling produced through the
evaporation of water the relative humidity of the air in a house will increase
approximately 2.5%. Though the air temperature is lower, the increase in the
relative humidity reduces the bird’s ability to cool itself through the
evaporation of water off of its own respiratory system.
So though we are decreasing house air temperature
using evaporative cooling, we are adversely affecting the bird’s primary method
of cooling itself because we are increasing humidity.
For example, let’s say the house temperature is
86°F and the relative humidity is 50%. Based on the research conducted by Genc
and Portier the total heat loss from a five-pound-bird would be approximately
45 Btu’s/hr.
We turn on our evaporative cooling system and
decrease the house temperature to 77°F which will in turn increases the
relative humidity to approximately 75%. Though the air temperature is nearly
ten degrees lower, the fact is that total heat loss from the bird would only be
increased by approximately one Btu/hr.
Considering the fact that a five-pound-bird needs
to lose approximately 60 Btu’s/hr, it is hard to see how utilizing an
evaporative cooling system would significantly improve bird performance under
these conditions.
Interestingly enough, in the typical poultry house
utilizing evaporative cooling, house temperatures during hot and humid weather
are often even more stressful with house temperatures in the low to mid eighties
and relative humidity over 80% (Figure 4).
According to the research conducted by Genc and
Porter, as well as others, this should result in an increased level of heat
stress, but we know from experience that it typically doesn’t. Why? The answer
is simply air speed.
Air speed increases the amount of heat loss to the
air around a bird thus reducing the need for a bird to rely on evaporation of
moisture from its respiratory system to cool itself. The higher the air speed
the greater the amount of heat a bird will lose to the air and the lower the
amount of heat the bird needs to lose through panting, thus reducing the
importance of relative humidity.
Figure 5 illustrates the percentage breakdown of
heat loss from a five-pound-bird at 85°F (52 %Rh) as a function of air speed
(Simmons et al, 1997).
At an air velocity of 100 ft/min, approximately 72%
of a bird’s heat loss is due to the evaporation of water off of its respiratory
system and therefore it would be adversely affected by a high relative
humidity.
Conversely, at an airspeed of 600 ft/min, the heat
loss due to respiratory moisture evaporation decreases to less than 50%,
significantly reducing the importance of the relative humidity of the air when
it comes to bird cooling.
It all comes down to a couple of simple facts;
without air movement evaporative cooling is potentially dangerous and as air
velocity increases, the importance of relative humidity to a bird decreases.
Too many times poultry producers view evaporative
cooling as if it is “air conditioning”. It is not.
Air conditioning decreases air temperature and
removes moisture from a house. Evaporative cooling decreases air temperature
and adds moisture to the house, a significant difference.
In some areas of the world the addition of moisture
to the air is welcomed. For instance, in desert areas many people use “swamp
coolers” (a small box with evaporative pads and a blower) to cool their
dwelling houses instead of air conditioning.
If it is 105°F with a relative humidity of 10%, a
residential swamp cooler unit could be used to drop the temperature inside a
house to 76°F and increase the relative humidity to a little over 50%. A
homeowner would get both cooling as well as needed humidity at a very low cost.
But, if a homeowner in a humid climate used the
same type of cooling system on a typical summer day (95°F, 55% Rh), they would
end up with far from ideal living conditions (83°F, 85%Rh).
We are basically using a cooling system in our
poultry houses which is best suited for use in a hot, dry climate not in hot,
humid climates. The only reason we can use it effectively is because of the
high air speeds and air exchange rates that exist in our poultry houses.
The point is that evaporative cooling is a very
good method of cooling birds only when used in conjunction with air moving
over the birds. Birds can become heat stressed at surprisingly low temperatures
(mid to low seventies) when the humidity is high and air speeds are low.
Yes, the house may seem “cool” to you, but keep in
mind that a bird is much more sensitive to high humidity conditions than you
are. Make sure before using evaporative cooling systems that you have adequate
fans running to offset the detrimental effects of the increased humidity caused
by the evaporative cooling pads.
For older birds this often requires operating all
tunnel fans in a house before using the evaporative cooling system. Not only do
we need to offset the negative effects of the high humidity caused by the
evaporative cooling, but older birds are well feathered and space between them
tends to be limited thus requiring a high air speed to remove heat from their
bodies.
With younger birds fewer fans can be used because
pad systems are typically only being used to “temper” the incoming air which
results in a lower incoming relative humidity.
For instance, if we had a house with two-week-old
birds when outside temperature was 100°F with a relative humidity 30%, we could
add water to a pad system sparingly which would decrease the incoming air
temperature to 90°F and the relative humidity would increase to approximately
55%.
A small number of fans could be used to keep the
birds comfortable not only because the relative humidity is fairly low but
because the young birds are not producing much heat, they are not completely
feathered, and there is a large amount of space between birds thus requiring
relatively lower air speeds to pull heat from their bodies.
Would we be better off without evaporative cooling
systems in our houses? Definitely not.
We need an inexpensive method of reducing house temperatures
during hot weather. Though air speed is a very effective method of removing
heat from a bird, the smaller the difference in temperature between the air and
the bird’s body the less heat removed from a bird.
If the temperature of the air moving over a bird is
equal to its body temperature essentially no heat will be lost to the air. It
is not an either/or situation.
A producer needs to utilize both air movement and
evaporative cooling during hot weather to keep birds comfortable and
productive. But, always keep in mind that in order to maximize bird cooling it
is air movement first, evaporative cooling second.
http://poultryhealthtoday.com/poultry-housing-tips-without-air-movement-evaporative-cooling-pads-can-increase-bird-heat-
stress/
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