Puricare Industrial Enterprises

Sunday, November 29, 2020

OXYGEN BLEACH VS. CHLORINE BLEACH - For a very long time, the only real laundry bleach on the market was chlorine bleach, popularized by industry leaders, such as Clorox. Bleach is not only used for stain removal in laundry, but to clean and sterilize objects and surfaces. Chlorine bleach is not good for every fabric and has a very harsh smell, so oxygen bleaches were developed that clean as well as chlorine bleaches in most applications, but are safer on fabrics and are less harsh. Both are effective, but one may be preferable over the other depending on the application. Chlorine beach is sodium hypochlorite, diluted with water to around a five percent concentration. Manufacturers make it by heating lye (sodium hydroxide) or quicklime (calcium hydroxide) and allowing chlorine gas to bubble up through it. They then add water to the right concentration. Chlorine bleach is highly caustic. It will eat away fabric and skin if left on for an extended period, especially at full strength and take away color. Chlorine bleach is typically diluted even further when used for stain removal or cleaning. It is an unstable product that begins to lose its effectiveness after manufacturing and becomes ineffective over time, and must be stored in a cool, dark place in a plastic container. Oxygen bleach is hydrogen peroxide with some sodium and sometimes carbon added to it to form a compound that releases the hydrogen peroxide when added to water.

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Oxygen Bleach Vs. Chlorine Bleach

By Laura Bramble

For a very long time, the only real laundry bleach on the market was chlorine bleach, popularized by industry leaders, such as Clorox.

Bleach is not only used for stain removal in laundry, but to clean and sterilize objects and surfaces.

Chlorine bleach is not good for every fabric and has a very harsh smell, so oxygen bleaches were developed that clean as well as chlorine bleaches in most applications, but are safer on fabrics and are less harsh.

Both are effective, but one may be preferable over the other depending on the application.

Chlorine Bleach

Chlorine beach is sodium hypochlorite, diluted with water to around a five percent concentration.

Manufacturers make it by heating lye (sodium hydroxide) or quicklime (calcium hydroxide) and allowing chlorine gas to bubble up through it.

They then add water to the right concentration.

Chlorine bleach is highly caustic. It will eat away fabric and skin if left on for an extended period, especially at full strength and take away color.

Chlorine bleach is typically diluted even further when used for stain removal or cleaning.

It is an unstable product that begins to lose its effectiveness after manufacturing and becomes ineffective over time, and must be stored in a cool, dark place in a plastic container.

Oxygen Bleach

Oxygen bleach is hydrogen peroxide with some sodium and sometimes carbon added to it to form a compound that releases the hydrogen peroxide when added to water.

Oxygen bleach is a more highly concentrated product than chlorine bleach.

Many times, it is found in powdered form, which is then added to water to activate it.

Oxygen bleach is known as “color-safe” or “all fabric” bleach, since it does not degrade most fabric or strip most color if used correctly, though you must still test colorfastness before using.

It is very stable and can be kept for over a year with no loss of effectiveness. However, it should never be stored in metal or organic containers.

Similarities

Both bleaches work by oxidizing stains and microbes, allowing them to be broken up and lifted away from fabrics and surfaces.

Both have excellent anti-microbial qualities that make them good for disinfecting laundry and surfaces, though chlorine bleach has an edge in effectiveness.

Neither is effective in cold water, and both require garments be rinsed well after use.

Benefits

Chlorine bleach does not differentiate between color molecules and stains or microbes; it lifts colors away using oxidation as well.

Even in low concentrations, it eats away at fabric, so over time, the regular use of bleach will deteriorate garments and fade their color.

Chlorine bleach is toxic to aquatic life if released straight into surface water, as in storm drain runoff from outdoor cleaning projects.

It is also harmful to the essential bacteria in septic tanks if used in anything but very small quantities.

It works best in hot water, but is also effective in warm water.

It cannot be used with other cleaners such as ammonia, as contact can released deadly chlorine gas. It is less expensive to use than oxygen bleach.

Considerations

Oxygen bleach is safe to use on nearly any fabric and to add to laundry loads for extended periods with no damage to clothing.

Oxygen bleach turns to water and oxygen when broken down, so it has no negative impact to the environment and is safe for septic systems.

It is best if used in the same step as laundry detergent, which makes it even more effective, but combining steps also saves time.

It only works well in hot water, but additives can make it effective in warm water.

https://sciencing.com/oxygen-bleach-vs-chlorine-bleach-6571838.html

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Hair And Hydrogen Peroxide

CLICK HERE . . . to view . . .

https://puricare.blogspot.com/2018/10/hair-and-hydrogen-peroxide-chemical.html

TAILPIPES THAT CAPTURE CO2 - If we're dependent on oil but concerned about carbon dioxide emissions, why don't we just capture the CO2 we emit? Researchers are looking into this right now. The result is aminosilica, a powdery substance that looks like white sand. Within the substance, a number of branches that resemble trees are born from the bonding, hence the name: hyperbranched. At the branches' tips are amino sites that capture CO2. When HAS was combined with sand, the chemists found that the resulting compound was capable of trapping carbon dioxide when flue gasses -- emissions found in smokestacks -- passed through it. The HAS compound not only captures CO2, it hangs onto it. To release the carbon dioxide, the material must be heated, and the CO2 that's released can be captured and stored (either as a gas or cooled into liquid form) in a process called carbon sequestration. Around the world, people are growing increasingly concerned about carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Certainly, climate change skeptics pose reasonable hypotheses that suggest changes in climate are merely a natural, global cycle -- and we humans are just going to have to ride out. But the idea that humans are contributing to climate change is becoming more accepted. In response, scientists are thinking of ways to reduce humans' greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One way is to create fuels that don't produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct, like fossil fuels do.

Tailpipes That Capture CO₂

Can we make tailpipes that capture CO2?

If we're dependent on oil but concerned about carbon dioxide emissions, why don't we just capture the CO2 we emit? Researchers are looking into this right now. The result is aminosilica, a powdery substance that looks like white sand. Within the substance, a number of branches that resemble trees are born from the bonding, hence the name: hyperbranched. At the branches' tips are amino sites that capture CO2. When HAS was combined with sand, the chemists found that the resulting compound was capable of trapping carbon dioxide when flue gasses -- emissions found in smokestacks -- passed through it. The HAS compound not only captures CO2, it hangs onto it. To release the carbon dioxide, the material must be heated, and the CO2 that's released can be captured and stored (either as a gas or cooled into liquid form) in a process called carbon sequestration.

BY JOSH CLARK

Environmental Issues Smog over Beijing, China, in May 2008. The nation is the
largest emitter of carbon dioxide; the United States is a close second.

Around the world, people are growing increasingly concerned about carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Certainly, climate change skeptics pose reasonable hypotheses that suggest changes in climate are merely a natural, global cycle -- and we humans are just going to have to ride out.

But the idea that humans are contributing to climate change is becoming more accepted.

In response, scientists are thinking of ways to reduce humans' greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

One way is to create fuels that don't produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct, like fossil fuels do.

Biofuels like cellulosic ethanol made from corn or switchgrass still emit CO2 when burned for energy, but in far smaller amounts -- as much as 85 percent less.

Burning hydrogen to power a car produces no carbon dioxide; the only byproduct is water.

And electricity produced from renewable resources like wind or solar power doesn't produce any emissions at all.

The problem with these technologies is that they're still being developed.

Researchers are facing obstacles like cost and net energy ratio -- input of energy versus energy output -- that make oil more attractive than alternative fuel sources.

This is significant, because our world is powered by oil.

From the airplanes that make travel possible, to the trucks that transport food and the power plants that produce our electricity, oil dominates the global economy.

It's a pretty good question: If we're dependent on oil but concerned about carbon dioxide emissions, why don't we just capture the CO2 we emit?

Actually, researchers are looking into this right now.

Professor Chris Jones at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) and his team have come up with a material called hyperbranched aminosilica (HAS) that captures and stores carbon dioxide emissions.

So, will we soon find tailpipes on cars made of HAS, and what exactly is this material anyway? Find out on the next page.

Hyperbranched Aminosilica

Georgia Tech graduate student Jeffrey Drese displays a tubular reactor
filled with the HAS adsorbent dispersed in sand.

So, will our cars' tailpipes be made of this stuff called hyperbranched aminosilica (HAS) in the near future?

Dr. Chris Jones says he doesn't think so; storing captured carbon from all those tailpipes would be too costly.

Instead, Jones and his team at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) are focused on an even bigger source of carbon dioxide emissions -- power plants.

You may think of electricity as clean energy. But have you ever considered where electricity comes from?

Since it's an energy carrier, electricity gets its energy from another source.

In the United States the majority of that energy -- 50 percent -- comes from coal.

Electrical power plants worldwide use enough fossil fuels for energy production to account for 26 percent of global CO2 emissions; transportation (including planes, trains and automobiles) account for 13 percent worldwide.

Jones has his sights set on cleaning up smokestacks. HAS can help by adsorbing CO2.

The Georgia Tech researchers used covalent bonding (combining two molecules by joining their electrons) to bind amines -- nitrogen-based organic compounds -- with silica (quartz).

The result is aminosilica, a powdery substance that looks like white sand.

Within the substance, a number of branches that resemble trees are born from the bonding, hence the name: hyperbranched.

At the branches' tips are amino sites that capture CO2.

When HAS was combined with sand, the chemists found that the resulting compound was capable of trapping carbon dioxide when flue gasses -- emissions found in smokestacks -- passed through it.

The HAS compound not only captures CO2, it hangs onto it.

To release the carbon dioxide, the material must be heated, and the CO2 that's released can be captured and stored (either as a gas or cooled into liquid form) in a process called carbon sequestration.

This is actually more exciting than it sounds. Not only will it reduce CO2 emissions, it makes it possible to reuse the captured CO2 to feed biofuel stock.

One company grows algae in Louisiana for use as a biofuel. The algae are fed with captured CO2.

Hyperbranched aminosilica has some advantages over other methods of carbon sequestration.

For one, it's recyclable. HAS can be used over and over again; the Georgia Tech researchers tested one batch 12 times and found that there was no noticeable decrease in adsorption.

And the material also isn't affected by moisture, which is a plus since water vapor is present in flue gases.

It's also low on required energy input; the only energy needed comes from the generation of the heat that releases the CO2.

But there are some challenges that face the project. For one, the CO2/amine reaction that binds the carbon dioxide to the branches generates heat.

The researchers found that the aminosilica captures CO2 best at cool temperatures, so they must figure out how to get rid of the heat that's produced quickly, so the CO2 binds.

Another problem is exactly how to apply the compound. Can it be packed into smoke stacks?

Can the material be produced into removable discs that cover smoke stack openings?

Although HAS may never be found in tailpipes, if the Georgia Tech researchers can lower carbon dioxide emissions from energy production alone, they will have offered one new way to solve our greenhouse gas troubles.

Josh Clark wanted to be a professional writer since his third-grade teacher told him a short story he wrote was kind of good. He's written ever since. He's a former senior writer for HowStuffWorks and current co-host of the Stuff You Should Know podcast. Josh lives with his wife, Umi. The pair really, really enjoys traveling, solving mysteries, having pizza parties and visiting museums (both renowned and obscure). Josh has been to the real-life house that served as the Robin's Nest on "Magnum, P.I." and is on an indefinite hiatus from being a jerk.

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/tailpipe-capture-co2.htm

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Biogas

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https://puricare.blogspot.com/2020/03/biogas-biogas-is-mostly-methane-ch4-and.html

Saturday, November 28, 2020

GREEN SCHOOL’S BIO BUS - Smells like fried chicken on wheels - Recycled cooking oil powers eco-friendly buses in Bali - Green School in Bali has three bio buses fueled entirely by used cooking oil, and are already blazing a trail on the popular Indonesian island. Green School’s graduating students initiated the idea, driven by the challenge to cut carbon emissions and green the island’s transportation system. Glycerin, the by-product of this recycling process, is turned into soap. What if you started your car and smelt fried chicken? The school has three bio buses fueled entirely by used cooking oil, and are already blazing a trail on the popular Indonesian island. Green School’s graduating students initiated the idea in 2015, driven by the challenge to cut carbon emissions and green the island’s transportation system. Where better to start their bio bus journey than at the school itself. Parents were having to drop their kids off every day, and were chalking up a significant carbon footprint travelling to and from the school. First, the students had to find a source that would produce the biofuel. The answer lay in used cooking oil. Green School students were quick off the mark with a solution. They approached hotels and restaurants to educate kitchen staff and owners about the dangers of used cooking oil. And encouraged the businesses to donate the oil. After which, this would be sent to local non-government organisation who works to transform the used cooking oil into biodiesel.

Green School’s Bio Bus

Smells like fried chicken on wheels

Recycled cooking oil powers eco-friendly buses in Bali

Green School in Bali has three bio buses fueled entirely by used cooking oil, and are already blazing a trail on the popular Indonesian island. Green School’s graduating students initiated the idea in 2015, driven by the challenge to cut carbon emissions and green the island’s transportation system. As an added bonus, glycerin, the by-product of this recycling process, is turned into soap.

Our Better World

What if you started your car and smelt fried chicken?

In Bali, this is a mouth-watering reality for driver Made Gusta, one of the pioneers of Green School’s Bio Bus project.

The school has three bio buses fueled entirely by used cooking oil, and are already blazing a trail on the popular Indonesian island.

“The moment I started the bus, I smelt a whiff of fried chicken,” he recalls. “I yelled, ‘Who is eating in the bus?’”

Laughing he says, “It was the first time I believed that this bus could run on cooking oil.”

Green School’s graduating students initiated the idea in 2015, driven by the challenge to cut carbon emissions and green the island’s transportation system.

Where better to start their bio bus journey than at the school itself.

Parents were having to drop their kids off every day, and were chalking up a significant carbon footprint travelling to and from the school.

First, the students had to find a source that would produce the biofuel.

The answer lay in used cooking oil.

Sofi Le Berre, a team member of the Green School Bio Bus, says used cooking oil, “impacts people’s health and the environment in a negative way.”

While Made reveals, “Oil that is being reused, multiple times, is being sold off again. And many people who are irresponsible, they clean it with formalin, or chemicals, such as pool cleaning agents.”

Green School students were quick off the mark with a solution.

They approached hotels and restaurants to educate kitchen staff and owners about the dangers of used cooking oil.

And encouraged the businesses to donate the oil.

After which, this would be sent to local non-government organisation Yayasan Lengis Hijau, who works closely with students to transform the used cooking oil into biodiesel.

As an added bonus, glycerin, the by-product of this recycling process, is not wasted. Instead, it is turned into soap.

The long-term dream is to change the way Bali moves, by getting all drivers to switch to biodiesel.

Green School has already set up Bali’s first public biodiesel fuel station.

Now all that is needed to help move Bali’s green revolution forward is for more drivers to fill their tanks with biodiesel.

Says a very optimistic Made, “Everyone definitely wants a more progressive Bali, but also one that stays beautiful and healthy.”

https://youtu.be/Edy0JRv2QgU

Bio Bus began as a student project at Green School in Bali, Indonesia, and has evolved into a social enterprise that continues to be steered by students and local partners. It operates buses that run on biodiesel made from used cooking oil collected from restaurants, and a biodiesel pump station.

Bio Bus is on the road to zero waste, and we aim to transform transportation in Bali and inspire the world to live sustainably and educate dynamically.

Bio Bus is a social enterprise that provides green transportation to the Green School Community, improves health in villages, and offers unique experiential learning and leadership opportunities to students.

https://www.ourbetterworld.org/story/smells-fried-chicken-wheels?utm_source=Outbrain&utm_medium=Discovery&utm_campaign=alwayson_PH&utm_content=Smells+like+fried+chicken+on+wheels&utm_term=Izooto+Premium+Inventory_mb.com.ph&dicbo=v1-21801b590c72853516b2d61617514618-00b7060313c78bf440e91915a34ca65608-ga4dmyjwgfrdqljtgaydeljugntdallcgnrtmlldg42tezlfmq3tiyjrga

Friday, November 27, 2020

RADIO WAVES & CELL PHONE WAVES - The electromagnetic spectrum includes a variety of radio waves, set at specific frequency bands which allow for radio, television, microwave and other types of transmissions across these bands. Each of these frequencies consist of a packet of charged photons which propagate out as waves of different vibrating frequencies expressed in Hertz. The measurement of these frequencies comes from the German physicist, Heinrich Hertz, who first proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves. Radio and cellphone frequency bands can both transmit analog or digital signals. The Electromagnetic Spectrum comprises diverse bands of radiation which vibrate at different frequencies. Each of these particular kinds of radiation are measured in units of hertz cycles per second. In addition to radio waves and microwaves, the EM spectrum also includes infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. A radio transmission is electromagnetic radiation that is made up of electrical and magnetic fields perpendicular to one another. They both move as a wave, cycling at a specific frequency. Energy in the wave moves back and forth between the magnetic and electrical fields. A radio signal propagates from its point of transmission in a spherical shape, as with higher-frequency radio waves as a more focused, narrower beam. The radio frequency range begins with the Extremely Low Frequency band at 3 hertz and extends to the Extremely High Frequency band at 300 gigahertz. Cellular phone networks utilize multiple bands of EM spectrum, one of which is called UHF, or ultra-high frequency, sometimes known as microwave.

Radio Waves & Cell Phone Waves

What Is the Difference Between Radio Waves & Cell Phone Waves?

By Peter De Conceicao

The electromagnetic spectrum includes a variety of radio waves, set at specific frequency bands which allow for radio, television, microwave and other types of transmissions across these bands.

Each of these frequencies consist of a packet of charged photons which propagate out as waves of different vibrating frequencies expressed in Hertz.

The measurement of these frequencies comes from the German physicist, Heinrich Hertz, who first proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves theorized by another scientist.

Radio and cellphone frequency bands can both transmit analog or digital signals.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Electromagnetic Spectrum comprises diverse bands of radiation which vibrate at different frequencies.

Each of these particular kinds of radiation are measured in units of hertz cycles per second.

In addition to radio waves and microwaves, the EM spectrum also includes infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.

Radio Waves

A radio transmission is electromagnetic radiation that is made up of electrical and magnetic fields perpendicular to one another.

They both move as a wave, cycling at a specific frequency. Energy in the wave moves back and forth between the magnetic and electrical fields.

A radio signal propagates from its point of transmission in a spherical shape, as with higher-frequency radio waves as a more focused, narrower beam.

The radio frequency range begins with the Extremely Low Frequency band at 3 hertz and extends to the Extremely High Frequency band at 300 gigahertz.

The Microwave Band

Cellular phone networks utilize multiple bands of EM spectrum, one of which is called UHF, or ultra-high frequency, sometimes known as microwave.

The frequency range for microwave radiation is between 300 megahertz and 300 gigahertz.

UHF waves are also utilized in radar, microwave ovens and wireless local area networks.

Microwaves on the electromagnetic spectrum can be further divided into different bands, depending on the frequency.

Wave Propagation

Radio and microwave transmissions propagate differently from their point of origin.

Radio waves have a lower frequency and longer wavelength as compared to cell phone waves operating at higher microwave frequencies.

Microwaves can carry a higher amount of information than radio signals, and are transmitted in narrower beams which can be aimed and focused to a greater degree than radio waves.

Cellular Phones

Cellular phone signals are transmitted on two bands, one between 800 to 900 megahertz and the other between 1.8 gigahertz to 1.95 GHz.

Signals from a cellular phone transmit to a base-station, which relays it to the next station or other receivers on its network.

Radio signals between a cellular phone and the network fluctuate in strength depending on the business of the network.

Based in Los Angeles, Peter De Conceicao has been a professional researcher and writer since 2000. He has also worked as a writer for nonprofit educational organizations. Most recently, his work has appeared in Examiner.com as a news analyst and social commentator. He holds a degree in communications from Loyola Marymount University.

https://sciencing.com/difference-waves-cell-phone-waves-6624355.html

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