WATER ON THE EARTH - How much water is there on Earth? - There's a whole lot of water on Earth! Something like 326,000,000,000,000,000,000 gallons (326 million trillion gallons) of the stuff (roughly 1,260,000,000,000,000,000,000 liters) can be found on our planet. This water is in a constant cycle -- it evaporates from the ocean, travels through the air, rains down on the land and then flows back to the ocean. The oceans are huge. About 70 percent of the planet is covered in ocean, and the average depth of the ocean is several thousand feet (about 1,000 meters).

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Water On The Earth

How much water is there on Earth?

There's a whole lot of water on Earth!

Something like 326,000,000,000,000,000,000 gallons (326 million trillion gallons) of the stuff (roughly 1,260,000,000,000,000,000,000 liters) can be found on our planet.

This water is in a constant cycle -- it evaporates from the ocean, travels through the air, rains down on the land and then flows back to the ocean.

The oceans are huge. About 70 percent of the planet is covered in ocean, and the average depth of the ocean is several thousand feet (about 1,000 meters).

Ninety-eight percent of the water on the planet is in the oceans, and therefore is unusable for drinking because of the salt.

About 2 percent of the planet's water is fresh, but 1.6 percent of the planet's water is locked up in the polar ice caps and glaciers.

Another 0.36 percent is found underground in aquifers and wells.

Only about 0.036 percent of the planet's total water supply is found in lakes and rivers.

That's still thousands of trillions of gallons, but it's a very small amount compared to all the water available.

The rest of the water on the planet is either floating in the air as clouds and water vapor, or is locked up in plants and animals (your body is 65 percent water, so if you weigh 100 pounds, 65 pounds of you is water!).

There's also all the soda pop, milk and orange juice you see at the store and in your refrigerator …

There's probably several billion gallons of water sitting on a shelf at any one time!

It would be more proper to ask, "What is the mass of planet Earth?" 

The quick answer to that is approximately 6,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000 (6 x 10²⁴) kilograms.

The interesting sub-question is, "How did anyone figure that out?"

It's not like the planet steps onto the scale each morning before it takes a shower.

The measurement of the planet's weight is derived from the gravitational attraction that the Earth has for objects near it.

It turns out that any two masses have a gravitational attraction for one another.

If you put two bowling balls near each other, they will attract one another gravitationally.

The attraction is extremely slight, but if your instruments are sensitive enough you can measure the gravitational attraction that two bowling balls have on one another.

From that measurement, you could determine the mass of the two objects.

The same is true for two golf balls, but the attraction is even slighter because the amount of gravitational force depends on mass of the objects.

Newton showed that, for spherical objects, you can make the simplifying assumption that all of the object's mass is concentrated at the center of the sphere.

The following equation expresses the gravitational attraction that two spherical objects have on one another:

F = G(M1*M2/R²)

• F is the force of attraction between them.
• G is a constant that is 6.67259 x 10^-11 m³/kg s².
• M1 and M2 are the two masses that are attracting each other.
• R is the distance separating the two objects.

Assume that Earth is one of the masses (M1) and a 1-kg sphere is the other (M2).

The force between them is 9.8 kg*m/s² -- we can calculate this force by dropping the 1-kg sphere and measuring the acceleration that the Earth's gravitational field applies to it (9.8 m/s²).

The radius of the Earth is 6,400,000 meters (6,999,125 yards).

If you plug all of these values in and solve for M1, you find that the mass of the Earth is 6,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000 kilograms (6 x 10²⁴kilograms, or 1.3 x 10²⁵ pounds).

It is "more proper" to ask about mass rather than weight because weight is a force that requires a gravitational field to determine.

You can take a bowling ball and weigh it on the Earth and on the moon.

The weight on the moon will be one-sixth that on the Earth, but the amount of mass is the same in both places.

To weigh the Earth, we would need to know in which object's gravitational field we want to calculate the weight.

The mass of the Earth, on the other hand, is a constant.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/question157.htm

 

 

 

LAUGHING GAS - How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works - Laughing gas is the common name for nitrous oxide or N2O. It is also known as nitrous, nitro, or NOS. It's a nonflammable, colorless gas that has a slightly sweet flavor and odor. In addition to its use in rockets and to boost engine performance for motor racing, laughing gas has several medical applications. It has been used in dentistry and surgery as an analgesic and anesthetic since 1844 when dentist Dr. Horace Wells used it on himself during a tooth extraction. Since that time, its use has become commonplace in medicine, plus the euphoric effect of inhaling the gas has led to use as a recreation drug.

 

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Laughing Gas

How Laughing Gas or Nitrous Oxide Works

What laughing gas does in the body

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Laughing gas or nitrous oxide is used in the dentist's office to reduce patient anxiety and relieve pain.

It's also a common recreational drug.

Have you ever wondered how laughing gas works?

Here's a look at how laughing gas reacts in the body and whether it's safe or not.

What Is Laughing Gas?

Laughing gas is the common name for nitrous oxide or N₂O.

It is also known as nitrous, nitro, or NOS.

It's a nonflammable, colorless gas that has a slightly sweet flavor and odor.

In addition to its use in rockets and to boost engine performance for motor racing, laughing gas has several medical applications.

It has been used in dentistry and surgery as an analgesic and anesthetic since 1844 when dentist Dr. Horace Wells used it on himself during a tooth extraction.

Since that time, its use has become commonplace in medicine, plus the euphoric effect of inhaling the gas has led to use as a recreation drug.

How Laughing Gas Works

Although the gas has been used for a long time, the exact mechanism of its action in the body is incompletely understood, in part because the various effects depend upon different reactions.

In general, nitrous oxide moderates several ligand-gated ion channels.

Specifically, the mechanisms for the effects are:

·        Anxiolytic or Anti-Anxiety Effect
Studies indicate the anti-anxiety effect from inhalation of laughing gas derives from increased activity of GABA_A receptors. The GABA_A receptor acts as the central nervous system's principal inhibitory neurotransmitter

·        Painkiller or Analgesic Effect

Laughing gas reduces the perception of pain by facilitating an interaction between the descending noradrenergic system and the endogenous opioid system. Nitrous oxide causes the release of endogenous opioids, but how this happens is unknown.

·        Euphoria Effect

Nitrous produces euphoria by causing dopamine to be released, which stimulates the mesolimbic reward pathway in the brain. This contributes to the analgesic effect, too.

Is Nitrous Oxide Safe?

When you get laughing gas at the dentist's or doctor's office, it's very safe.

A mask is used to first administer pure oxygen and then a mixture of oxygen and laughing gas.

The effects on vision, hearing, manual dexterity and mental performance are temporary.

Nitrous oxide has both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects, but limited exposure to the chemical tends not to cause a permanent effect, one way or the other.

The primary risks from laughing gas are from inhaling a compressed gas directly from its canister, which could cause severe lung damage or death.

Without supplemental oxygen, inhaling nitrous oxide can cause hypoxia or oxygen deprivation effects, including lightheadedness, fainting,low blood pressure, and potentially a heart attack.

These risks are comparable to those of inhaling helium gas..

Prolonged or repeated exposure to laughing gas can lead to a vitamin B deficiency, reproductive problems in pregnant women, and numbness.

Because very little nitrous oxide is absorbed by the body, a person inhaling laughing gas breathes out most of it.

This can lead to risks to medical personnel who routinely use the gas in their practice.

Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D., is an author and consultant with a broad scientific and medical background.

Experience

Anne has taught chemistry, biology, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate level. In her doctoral work, Anne developed ultra-sensitive chemical detection and medical diagnostic tests. She has worked abstracting/indexing diverse scientific literature for the Department of Energy. She presently works as a freelance writer and scientific consultant. She enjoys adapting lab-based science projects so that they can be performed safely at home.

Education

Dr. Helmenstine has bachelor of arts degrees in physics and mathematics with a minor in chemistry from Hastings College in Nebraska and a doctorate of philosophy in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.

Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Chemistry is part of everyone's life, from cooking and cleaning to the latest computer chip technology and vaccine development. It doesn't have to be intimidating and it doesn't have to be hard to understand.

You can read more about Anne's current and past work on her Google Profile: Anne Helmenstine. Find Anne's printable periodic tables and science projects at Science Notes.

https://www.thoughtco.com/how-laughing-gas-nitrous-oxide-works-606395

LAYING HENS AND QUALITY EGGS TO ENJOY - Allowing your laying hens time in the garden to search for bugs, have a dust bath and stretch their wings will place them in a greater emotional location. Happier hens frequently results in chickens that are wholesome and healthy-happy hens tend to generate yummier eggs. Laying hens require a continuous supply of food and superior chicken feed to be able to produce the highest quality eggs. Ensuring your laying hens have spacious, clean and comfortable nesting boxes is among the best ways to secure your chickens from predators, in addition to promoting healthy and productive laying habits. Laying hens are amazingly tender and generous creatures. So long as you have the ability to create your chickens feel loved and cared for, you should be able to enjoy the benefits of their delicious eggs for more.

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Laying Hens And Quality Eggs To Enjoy

Important Things You Should Know About Your Laying Hens

Before people even opt to have chickens they frequently find themselves asking,”How long will the laying hens produce eggs?”

Though a lot people keep chickens as pets first and foremost, at the end of the day it is important for some poultry farmers to be certain they’re getting loads of eggs from their flock.

This article will provide you an excellent summary of the vital things you can do to make certain you get more eggs out of the laying hens and they create the highest quality eggs for more.

When do laying hens begin to produce eggs?

Although some of us get quite impatient as we await our chickens to begin producing eggs, it is important to not forget that baby chickens do so much growing so rapidly.

Broadly, you can expect to locate your laying hens to begin producing the products around the time they’re 20 to 24 months old.

Some breeders are genetically altering and breeding poultry so that they begin producing eggs by 16 weeks.

However, like many people, youth is sacred, so maybe it is more ethical to allow the laying hens an additional four weeks of egg-free serenity.

What do chickens will need to make good quality eggs?

For your laying hens to create healthy high quality eggs, all of their basic requirements will need to maintain balance.

It almost goes without saying that laying hens require a continuous supply of food and superior chicken feed to be able to produce the highest quality eggs.

While chickens are laying, their diet must consist of 16-20% protein, in addition to having a complex mix of vitamins, minerals and calcium.

Check the labelling of your favorite feed mix to make sure your laying hens are getting what they want.

Time with character:

A depressed, unfulfilled chicken will take part in self-destructive behaviors like feather picking, preying upon lowly members of the flock and throwing tantrums so crazy that they tip their chicken feeder over.

Allowing your laying hens time in the garden to search for bugs, have a dust bath and stretch their wings will place them in a greater emotional location.

Happier hens frequently results in chickens that are wholesome and healthy-happy hens tend to generate yummier eggs– you get me?

Peace and security:

Additionally, things such as predators, pests, pets and children can cause your dedicated laying hens unnecessary anxiety, which may curtail egg production when it gets out of control.

Furthermore, pecking order disputes which could arise if a new chicken is introduced may also stress your laying hens.

If it’s spring- peak laying season, perhaps it’s better to delay any significant modifications to coop life to get a less egg-productive moment.

Ensuring your laying hens have spacious, clean and comfortable nesting boxes is among the best ways to secure your chickens from predators, in addition to promoting healthy and productive laying habits.

At the end of the day it is important to not forget that placing an egg is work that takes time, focus and some peace.

If you can consistently keep this happy balance it’s more probable that your laying hens will continue to produce eggs during a long period of time.

What to do with all those extra eggs?

Many chicken enthusiasts often experience egg-overload throughout the productive months like summer and spring.

Given that eggs have a rather short shelf life, people start to feel nervy as their Egg Skelter, kitchen counter tops and refrigerator shelves rapidly begin to fill up with crisp white, brown and blue eggs!

Some people today consider selling their eggs, nevertheless they encounter roadblocks since there’s quite a lot of critical legislation surrounding the selling of eggs.

One option is just to provide your extra eggs to your friends, family and acquaintances.

Alternatively you could think about a whole host of alternatives, such as hard boiling your eggs mass for lunch boxes, creating your own mayonnaise or you may even try and construct the world’s biggest meringue.

Do not just let your extra eggs rust – get creative!

At what times of the year will my chickens stop laying?

All hens have what are known as”biorhythms”.

Biorhythms are basically the cues that your chickens take from character to begin laying, mating or moulting.

Commercial laying operations interfere with nature’s natural biorhythms to promote laying hens to produce more eggs for more.

Because of this, chickens in such situations often become dependent on humans preserving these artificial biorhythms, which ends in a range of sad ways.

Most poultry farmers who permit their laying hens to lead comparatively free lives will observe changes in eggs production throughout different seasons because the biorhythms shift.

At what age should you expect your laying hens to stop producing eggs?

Some laying hens may thankfully keep producing eggs for 72 weeks, but this can also be affected by the seasons moult and their age.

Usually, laying hens will slowly produce fewer eggs after 72 weeks. It’s not common for chickens to immediately stop producing eggs however this does occasionally occur.

Many clever poultry aficionados have the ability to work out a cycle of getting eggs all year round by caring for a specific combination of breeds, whilst also wisely introducing new pullets at different points in the year.

Laying hens are amazingly tender and generous creatures. So long as you have the ability to create your chickens feel loved and cared for, you should be able to enjoy the benefits of their delicious eggs for more.

https://youtu.be/wbyl5K5OJ0c

https://poultryfeedformulation.com/important-things-you-should-know-about-your-laying-hens/?fbclid=IwAR19sTwpdl-kJ5e5FhAlmCsNqZiaVpPeMDqY-omYCLEYNFmq9xy6j9SSSQs

BIPOLAR DISORDER AND DEPRESSION - The essential feature of major depressive disorder is a period of two weeks during which there is either depressed mood most of the day nearly every day or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. Bipolar disorder also includes symptoms of mania. Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings that fluctuate between depressive lows and manic highs. A manic episode is described as a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least one week. With bipolar disorder, the mood episode is severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization to avoid self-harm. Left untreated, both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder can have a major impact on social and occupational functioning. Both include the risk of suicide.

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Bipolar Disorder and Depression

Understanding the Difference

Article by: Katie Hurley, LCSW

Bipolar disorder is easily confused with depression because it can include depressive episodes.

The main difference between the two is that depression is unipolar, meaning that there is no “up” period, but bipolar disorder includes symptoms of mania.

To differentiate between the two disorders, it helps to understand the symptoms of each one.

Symptoms of depression

The essential feature of major depressive disorder is a period of two weeks during which there is either depressed mood most of the day nearly every day or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities.

Other potential symptoms include:

Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain and changes in appetite

Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day

Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day

Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day

Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

Impaired ability to think or concentrate, and/or indecisiveness

Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a plan, or a suicide attempt or suicide plan

The symptoms of major depressive disorder cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

To meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, there should be no history of a manic episode or a hypomanic episode.

Symptoms of bipolar disorder

Although bipolar disorder can include the above depressive symptoms, it also includes symptoms of mania.

Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings that fluctuate between depressive lows and manic highs.

A manic episode is described as a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least one week.

Symptoms of mania include:

Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

Decreased need for sleep

More talkative than usual or pressure to talk

Flight of ideas, racing thoughts

Distractibility

Increase in goal-directed activity

Excessive involvement in potentially reckless activities (usually involving drugs, money, or sex)

With bipolar disorder, the mood episode is severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization to avoid self-harm.

Types of bipolar disorder

There are two types of bipolar disorder. Understanding the different types of bipolar disorder can help distinguish between bipolar disorder and depression.

Bipolar I disorder: This is diagnosed when a patient has had at least one manic episode, regardless of whether or not there has been a depressive episode.

Bipolar II disorder: This diagnosis is given when a patient has had at least one depressive episode and a period of elevated mood referred to as hypomania. Bouts of hypomania are not as extreme as mania and are shorter lived. Patients with Bipolar II tend to experience longer depressive episodes and shorter states of hypomania. Patients often seek treatment during the depressive episode, as the hypomanic symptoms might not impact functioning as much.

Cyclothymic disorder: The essential feature of cyclothymic disorder is a chronic, fluctuating mood disturbance involving numerous hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms that are distinct from each other. The hypomanic symptoms do not meet the full criteria for a hypomanic episode and the depressive symptoms do not meet the full criteria for a depressive episode.

Treatment for bipolar and depression

Left untreated, both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder can have a major impact on social and occupational functioning. Both include the risk of suicide.

The good news is that both conditions are treatable.

Combination treatment often works best in both cases. Possible treatment modalities include:

Talk therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Family therapy (involvement of family members increases success)

Medication management (including antidepressants and/or mood stabilizers)

Patients with both depression and bipolar disorder respond well to highly structured routines.

Creating a routine helps patients know what to expect and follow through with medication management independently.

Katie Hurley, LCSW is the author of  No More Mean Girls and The Happy Kid Handbook. Katie provides child and adolescent psychotherapy, family therapy, and parent education in her private practice. She is the founder of Girls Can! empowerment workshops for elementary and middle school girls, and has extensive experience working with children and adolescents with learning disabilities, anxiety and low self-esteem.

https://www.psycom.net/depression.central.bipolar.depression.html