Wednesday, January 3, 2018

CHEMTRAILS AND CONSPIRACY THEORIES - Jet engine traffic has become so common that it's not unusual to see several lingering streaks in the afternoon. And though many consider the streaks beautiful against a bright blue sky, others are alarmed about them. Concerns range from the idea that these streaks could exacerbate global warming to more elaborate theories that the government has secretly been dumping harmful substances on the land.

Chemtrails And Conspiracy Theories

What are chemtrails, and should you be scared of them?

BY JANE MCGRATH

The trail of clouds that billow from an airplane streaking across the sky can be mesmerizing for children and adults alike.

Jet engine traffic has become so common that it's not unusual to see several lingering streaks in the afternoon.

And though many consider the streaks beautiful against a bright blue sky, others are alarmed about them.

Concerns range from the idea that these streaks could exacerbate global warming to more elaborate theories that the government has secretly been dumping harmful substances on the land.

Before we get into the various theories about the possible harmful effects, let's discuss the scientific explanation for these streaks.

Jet engines spew out very hot air. And, because water vapor is one of the byproducts of the exhaust, the air is also very humid.

However, high in the atmosphere where these jets fly, the air is typically very cold -- often lower than -40 degrees Fahrenheit.

Additionally, the atmosphere up there is often of low vapor pressure, or the force exerted by a gas on the surrounding environment.

When a jet engine is spewing out hot, humid air into an atmosphere that is cold and has low vapor pressure, the result is condensation.

The water vapor coming out of the engine quickly condenses into water droplets and then crystallizes into ice.

The ice crystals are the clouds that form behind the engine.

This is why the streaks are called contrails, short for "condensation trails."

To help explain it, scientists liken it to seeing your breath on cold days.

You may have noticed that puffs of breath dissipate quickly on drier days.

The same is true of contrails: When the atmosphere is more humid, the contrails linger, but when the atmosphere is dry, the contrails disappear more quickly.

This explanation makes sense.

But, as author and airline pilot Patrick Smith tells readers, the contrails consist of not just ice crystals and water vapor but also other byproducts of engine exhaust.

These include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfate particles and soot.

Some point out that these, in addition to the extra cloud cover, can have negative environmental effects.

And conspiracy theorists have nicknamed contrails "chemtrails" under the suspicion that the government is taking advantage of this scientific phenomenon to secretly release other substances into the atmosphere.

The Chemtrail Conspiracy Theories

A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fact sheet on contrails explains that contrails, even long-lasting ones, are simply trails of condensation and are not harmful.

However, conspiracy theorists have become suspicious that the contrails expelled from jets today are thicker and linger longer than they did in the past.

So, while they accept that contrails are a natural byproduct of jet engines, their suspicion is that the government has since used that excuse to put other substances in them, creating chemtrails.

In addition, conspiracy theorists latch on to anecdotal evidence that connect epidemics of flu-like symptoms to instances of contrails.

Those who believe that there's something fishy about contrails have come up with several theories to explain what the government could be covering up.

One of the more extreme theories says that the government is intentionally spraying people with harmful substances in order to experiment with the effects -- or even to "weed out" the sick and elderly.

However, many reputable scientists dismiss these theories on the grounds that such experiments would be of no real use.

The "chemtrails" would be released so high in the atmosphere that unpredictable winds would move them around significantly, making such experiments worthless and unreliable.

Others speculate that the government is dumping barium salt aerosol on the land in order to assist in radar mapping for defense purposes.

Still others believe that the government could be experimenting with weather manipulation for defense purposes.

This actually isn't as much of a stretch as it may seem.

As long ago as the 1950's, the British were able to successfully "seed" clouds with salt, dry ice and silver iodide to make rain.

It would seem that weather manipulation, then, is a very possible and effective military defense tactic.

Conspiracy theorists believe it might have connections to HAARP, the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, which studies the atmosphere to advance communication and navigation systems.

Another popular theory is that chemtrails are well-intentioned attempts by the government to combat global warming or the depletion of the ozone layer by spraying particles to reflect the sun's radiation.

However, if this is true, it's ironic that (non-conspiracy theorist) environmentalists blame contrails for polluting the skies.

They say that jet traffic has become so bad that the sheer cloud cover from contrails, which can be seen from space, has been negatively affecting the environment, possibly contributing to global warming.

So, whether you consider the conspiracy hype healthy skepticism or paranoia, contrails (along with the fuel consumption and energy use of the air traffic industry that cause them) are certainly an area of concern for the environment.

OPERATION CUMULUS

Unfortunately, the British cloud-seeding experiments were far more effective than planned.

On Aug. 15, 1952, they resulted in deadly flash floods in Lynmouth, a village in Devon, England.

After dozens of people died in the floods, "Operation Cumulus" was put on hold.

The British Ministry of Defense denied involvement in cloud-seeding until 2001, when documents exposing it were declassified.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/what-are-chemtrails.htm

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Monday, January 1, 2018

AIRCRAFTS - Douglas C-47 - Developed into the 21-passenger DC-3, the twin-engine beauty from Santa Monica revolutionized the world of air transport, becoming the best-selling airliner of its day. By 1940, a total of 430 DC-3s were carrying 90 percent of the world's airline travelers. The DC-3 had placed the United States well in the lead in commercial aviation, a position the nation would retain for the rest of the century, and beyond.

Aircrafts

The durable Douglas C-47 Skytrain was the military variant of the Douglas DC-3.

It was America's do-anything, go-anywhere transport plane of World War II.

DOUGLAS C-47

BY THE EDITORS OF PUBLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL, LTD.

When the Douglas C-47's ancestor, the Douglas DST (Douglas Sleeper Transport) first took to the air on December 17, 1935, Donald Douglas and his supremely competent crew looked forward to selling perhaps as many as 400 of the comfortable airliners over the next several years.

Not one of them, not Douglas, the company founder, nor Arthur Raymond, his chief engineer, nor Carl Cover, the chief test pilot, could have imagined that more than 13,000 of the type would be built, and that it would become one of the most effective warplanes in history.

Developed into the 21-passenger DC-3, the twin-engine beauty from Santa Monica revolutionized the world of air transport, becoming the best-selling airliner of its day.

By 1940, a total of 430 DC-3s were carrying 90 percent of the world's airline travelers.

The DC-3 had placed the United States well in the lead in commercial aviation, a position the nation would retain for the rest of the century, and beyond.

Gen. Dwight Eisenhower cited the Douglas C-47

as a key factor in the successful U.S. military effort.

The U.S. Army Air Corps had watched the development of Douglas airliners and had purchased small numbers of the earlier military versions including the C-32, C-33, C-34, C-38, C-39, C-41, and C-42.

(Ultimately, there would be more than 60 different designations assigned to variations of the basic design.)

The C-41 served as a test bed for the Army Air Corps' first order of 953 C-47s, which were built in a new Douglas plant in Long Beach, California.

Many Douglas C-47s were sold as surplus following the war.

Others were retained in active service for decades.

During the Vietnam War, Douglas C-47s were modified

for service as low-flying, heavily armed gunships,

picking up the designation AC-47.

The all-metal Douglas C-47 featured strengthened floors, bucket seats, large loading doors, and a pair of sweet-running Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engines of 1,200 horsepower each.

From that point, orders swelled so that a second factory had to be built in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Ultimately 10,632 aircraft of all versions were built in the United States, while 2,930 were built under license in the Soviet Union and 485 in Japan.

(Initial production runs in those nations were built under license, but subsequent wartime conditions encouraged considerable unlicensed production.)

Variants of the basic aircraft were used by all the military services of the United States and by almost every Allied nation.

Even the Luftwaffe flew the doughty Douglas design, using aircraft impressed from airlines of occupied countries.

Douglas C-47 Specifications

Troops, arms, food, and, as here, the wounded --

Douglas C-47s carried them all. "Aeromedical evacuations"

such as this were, for injured soldiers,

the first leg of long journeys to safety and, sometimes, home.

The versatile Douglas C-47 could be used for troop and cargo transport, dropping paratroops, towing a glider, medical evacuation, and virtually any other task assigned to it.

It was turned into a troop-carrying glider by the removal of its engines and into a seaplane by the addition of huge floats manufactured by the EDO company.

The Dougas C-47 operated under all weather conditions on every continent around the world, and it did so with a grace and rugged reliability that made it a favorite of pilots and mechanics alike.

One of the results of this affection was its many nicknames, the most enduring of which was "Gooney Bird."

When World War II ended, it would have been reasonable to expect the Douglas C-47 to serve for a few more years and then retire, going the way of the B-17s, P-47s, and other combat veterans.

Many were retired, but instead of going to some boneyard for salvage, some were refurbished and became the nucleii of many airline start-ups.

Available at bargain prices from U.S. government surplus sales, they had a stultifying effect upon the sale of new transport designs.

A Douglas C-47 attached to the Air Transport Command of the

U.S. Army Air Forces stands at the ready in India in 1945.

This plane would be loaded with supplies needed by American troops in China.

New aircraft like the Convair 240 and Martin 404 had moderately better performance than the Douglas C-47, but were far more expensive to purchase and operate.

As a result, the converted C-47s were mainstays of smaller airlines for many years.

Other uses were found for the aircraft over time, and it has been successfully modernized with turbo-prop engines by several companies.

Flights from India to China were treacherous, taking Douglas C-47s

over the Himalayas, where there was no place to land, and

no turning back. The Chinese airfields that awaited the transportswere regularly

bombed and strafed by Japanese planes, so few landings were routine.

Despite the age of the Douglas C-47s, almost every air force retained many of the craft in active service.

The plane soldiered on, performing well for the United States during the 1948 Berlin Airlift, in Korea, and in Vietnam.

The C-47's longevity derived from the conservative Douglas engineers building in more strength than was necessary, endowing the airplane with a virtually unlimited service life.

No wonder it earned General Dwight D. Eisenhower's praise as one of the five most important weapons of World War II.

DOUGLAS C-47 SPECIFICATIONS

Wingspan: 95 ft. 6 in.

Length: 63 ft. 9 in.

Height: 17 ft.

Empty Weight: 18,200 lbs

Gross Weight: 26,000 lbs

Top Speed: 230 mph

Service Ceiling: 24,000 ft.

Range: 1,600 miles

Engine/Horsepower: Two Pratt & Whitney R-1830s/1200 each

Crew: 3

Accommodation: 27 troops or 18-24 litters

FEARSOME WARPLANES OVER VIETNAM

A team of men led by USAF Captain Ronald W. Terry would turn the lovable Gooney Bird into one of the most fearsome warplanes in history.

Terry felt that a Douglas C-47, armed with side-firing "Gatling Guns" -- six-barrel General Electric 7.62 machine guns -- would fill the urgent requirement to provide heavy fire support to outlying Vietnamese strategic hamlets.

Quickly tested and pressed into service, the AC-47s were flown in orbit over the beleaguered hamlets, laying down a withering 18,000 round-per-minute cone of fire that beat off attacks and earned the plane a new nickname -- "Puff the Magic Dragon."

Operating under the call-sign "Spooky," the AC-47s became indispensable, and it was their proud boast that no South Vietnamese position was ever lost when a gunship was on duty overhead.

Although supplemented by later AC-119 and AC-130 gunships, the South Vietnamese operated Spookys until the end of the war in 1975.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/douglas-c-47.htm

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