Gases in freshwater
When gases occur in freshwater
Effluents are often complex mixtures of
poisons. If two or more poisons are present together in an effluent they may
exert a combined effect on an organism which is additive.
Some gases that can harm aquatic freshwater
life are gases such as chlorine, ammonia and methane.
Chlorine is very additive in combination with
copper. It does not normally occur in the environment except as a yellow gas on
rare occasions.
It is a manufactured substance and the
by-products of chlorine (organochlorines and dioxins) are persistent in the
environment.
Chlorine is first used to break down the lignin
that holds the wood fibers together. Then chlorine is used to bleach the paper to make it white.
The effluent or wastewater containing dioxins
and other organochlorines are then dumped into streams and waterways. These
ingredients are highly toxic and carcinogenic.
Once in the waste stream, they come into
contact with other organic materials and surfactants and combine to form a host
of extremely toxic organic chemicals.
The water becomes polluted; the fish become
contaminated; animals eat the fish and people eat the contaminated animals and
fish.
It is so widespread that it would be
difficult to find any human being who does not have detectable levels of dioxin
in his/her blood.
Some environmentalists call for a ban on the
use of chlorine as bleach in the pulp and the paper industry.
Lignin is an organic
substance binding the cells, fibres and vessels which constitute wood and the
lignified elements of plants, as in straw. After cellulose, it is the most
abundant renewable carbon source on Earth. Between 40 and 50 million tons per
annum are produced worldwide as a mostly non commercialized waste product.
It is not possible
to define the precise structure of lignin as a chemical molecule. All lignins
show a certain variation in their chemical composition. However the definition
common to all is a dendritic network polymer of phenyl propene basic units. ili-lignin.com
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