Saturday, November 24, 2018

SEAWATER - Dissolved salts make up 3.5 percent of the weight of all ocean water and if you could remove this salt from the sea, it would form a layer 500 feet (153 meters) thick over all of Earth's land mass. That's about the height of a 40-story building.For most lakes, water flows both in and out of the lake via rivers and streams. Salt ions that end up in the water are carried out, keeping the lake fresh. These ions eventually end up in oceans, which serve as a "dumping ground" of sorts for runoff and the minerals it contains. Bodies of water with no outflow, such as the Dead Sea or the Great Salt Lake in Utah, maintain a level of salinity on par with or higher than that of the ocean.

Rocks help give seawater its saltiness.
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Seawater

Why is seawater salty?

BY BAMBI TURNER




To understand why the seas are so salty, look no further than the water cycle.
Simply put, the water cycle begins when fresh water falls from the sky in the form of rain.
It eventually ends up in rivers, lakes and oceans, where it soon evaporates to form clouds and repeat the cycle.
If you dig a little deeper into each stage of the water cycle, you'll see just how salt gets into the mix. That fresh water that falls as rain isn't 100 percent pure.
It mixes with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on the way down, giving it a slightly acidic quality.
Once it reaches the Earth's surface, it travels over land to reach area waterways.
As it passes over the land, the acidic nature of the water breaks down rocks, capturing ions within these rocks and carrying them to the sea.
Roughly 90 percent of these ions are sodium or chloride — which, as we know, form salt when they band together [source: NOAA].
Fresh water that reaches the ocean evaporates to form clouds. However, the sodium, chloride and other ions remain behind, where they accumulate over time to give the sea its characteristic saltiness.
Hydrothermanl vents on the ocean floor release additional dissolved minerals, including more sodium and chloride, further contributing to the briny nature of the sea [source: USGS].
What's surprising is just how much the salt from runoff and underwater vents has built up since oceans formed.
Dissolved salts make up 3.5 percent of the weight of all ocean water [source: USGS], and if you could remove this salt from the sea, it would form a layer 500 feet (153 meters) thick over all of Earth's land mass. That's about the height of a 40-story building [source: NOAA].
One question, though: If the seas get their salinity from runoff, why do lakes remain relatively salt-free?
For most lakes, water flows both in and out of the lake via rivers and streams. Salt ions that end up in the water are carried out, keeping the lake fresh.
These ions eventually end up in oceans, which serve as a "dumping ground" of sorts for runoff and the minerals it contains.
Bodies of water with no outflow, such as the Dead Sea or the Great Salt Lake in Utah, maintain a level of salinity on par with or higher than that of the ocean [source: Jackman].

Rocks help give seawater its saltiness.

BIOGRAPHIES OF SUCCESSFUL PEOPLE - One of the most effective means of becoming a successful entrepreneur is to learn from the veterans who have done it. People have different strategies for getting wins and achieving better results in business. It is important to have an idea of which business industry you aspire to work and identify some of the successful people from that niche from whom you can source aspirations. Reading biographies is an excellent way to know more about your role model and learn the skill sets that these individuals possess.


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Biographies Of Successful People
15 Biographies every business student should read
Business Matters


Here are 15 biographies every business student should read that share insight to leaders in business throughout history into the modern day.

An autobiography essay is a piece of writing highlighting the legendary recollection of someone’s life that starts from where their place of birth and achievements.
When required to write an autobiography essay, you should focus on the professional or achievement level of a prominent person who has had a great impact on the world.
One of the most effective means of becoming a successful entrepreneur is to learn from the veterans who have done it.  
People have different strategies for getting wins and achieving better results in business.
Even if you think school education is the only thing you need, reading biographies of successful people, their stories can be inspiring and entertaining at the very least.
This page has numerous autobiography samples and examples that both high school and college students can use to learn. A sample of autobiography essay will help you know how to come up with an entertaining essay.
Here are 15 biographies every business student must read that offer insight to leaders in business throughout history into the modern days.

1.   Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire

Bill Gates made a name for himself as a tech guru due to his impressive technology improvements.
However, not many people are familiar with his history about the painstaking steps he had to take to create Microsoft into the behemoth that it is today.
If you are looking for business autobiographies to read, why not try the story about how Bill Gates went from embarrassing failure to becoming one of the wealthiest people in the globe.

2.   Shark Tales: How I Turned $1000 into a Billion-Dollar Business

It is Corcoran’s ample beginnings that makes her success story interesting, and this is one of the best CEO biographies you can ever read.
At the age of 23, Corcoran had already done 22 jobs. Her autobiography explains how her last job created an opportunity for creating the $6 billion company known as Corcoran Group.
Currently, Corcoran is well-known as one of the sharks on the TV show SHARK TANK, a television program where numerous aspiring entrepreneurs pitch their ideas in a quest to get funding.

3.   Reallionaire: Nine Steps to Becoming Rich from Inside Out

If you haven’t heard of Farrah Gray, its time you made an effort to read about him.
At 14, he sold his first business for over $1 million. People magazines acknowledge him as the first African American teenager to have that level of success without getting into the entertainment industry or using his family connection.
Farrah’s investment plans are just one facet of his well-rounded business style as he provides nine pieces of advice for attaining success that any can use.
Reallionaire is a great example of the best biology you must read.

4.   Delivery Happiness: a Path to Profits, Passion, and Purpose

Just like Gray, Tony Hsieh exhibited entrepreneurial drive at a tender age. He began his business venture with a worm farm and later sold his advertising company to Microsoft for $265 million.
Currently, he serves as a Zappos’ visionary CEO.
Since Zappos is always credited as having a happiest and healthiest business cultures, this is one of the interesting business biography books you need to read.

5.   Losing my Virginity

Richard Branson has been successful in numerous business ventures. For example, Virgin Atlantic Airways, Virgin Records AND Virgin Megastores.
Perhaps the most humorous billionaire biographies on our list, Richard’s autobiography is definitely worth reading as a business student.
He prepared a list of Rules for success, which he combines with colorful adventures that teach and amuse his audience at the same time.

6.   The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon

This biography sample gives an inside look at how Amazon boss Jeff Bezos advanced an online bookstore into everything that the online shop is currently.
What makes this autobiography interesting for college students is the latest scrutiny Amazon has gotten regarding its corporate culture.

7.   The Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life

Warren Buffet is another billionaire that can’t miss from our list of the best biographies of business leaders. Make sure you get this biography as it presents great business insights.
Similar to other great leaders discussed on this list, Warren started his entrepreneurship journey at a tender age. He bought his first stock at the age of 11.
As one of the wealthiest people in the universe, Warren shares his tricks on both attaining success and battling struggles.

8.   Start Something That Matters

Perhaps you’ve heard TOMS shoes, the firm whose slogan is One for One. This means that for every pair of shoes bought, a pair is given to a kid in need.
The biography encourages people to do what the title says: begin something that matters and has a real purpose.
It is when the determination for income is merged with the objective of making a positive change that has business has the potential to succeed.

9.   The Facebook Effect

This biography explains how the vision of a 19-year-old college student transformed social media in a short period.
Mark Zuckerberg has continued to hit the headlines with his achievements, ranking position 16 in the world’s richest people and his huge charitable donations.

10. Elon Musk

As the brain behind the creation of SpaceX, SolarCity, PayPal, and Tesla Motors, Elon Musk is well-recognized for his intensity.
This is one of the interesting business biography books that every business student should read.
It offers an inside view of how Elon uses his intensity to bring change in his business venture and on an international scale.

11. Lacocca

Chrysler CEO was recognized as the 18th-greatest American CEO of all time by Portfolio.
Despite going separate ways with Ford due to some disagreement with Henry Ford II, Lacocca employed his talent and skills to rebuild Chrysler, which was collapsing at that time.

12. Pour Your Heart into it: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time

Starbucks executive Howard Schultz explains how he used distinct plans to continuously keep both its workers and clients satisfied, despite its fast growth.
This is a worthy biography for any student aspiring to venture into this type of business.

13. Made in America

Walmart enterprises are omnipresent in the US, but that wasn’t the situation before.
Sam Walton, the owner of the retail giant, acquired a store in Arkansas and multiplied that over his profession into the current stores across the US that are over 40000.
This autobiography evaluates the principles whereby a single business model can be expanded to attain impressive success.

14. The Power of Many

Ex eBay executive Meg Whiteman is unique in a way that she implemented a hard-to-attain equilibrium of attaining impressive success for her business.
In this autobiography, she describes how her ten core values are essential both in life and in business.

15.The Martha Rules

Martha Stewart uses incredible strategies for building a thriving business.
Even though her business might not align with your business aspirations, her overarching business cores will transcend the gap.
As a business student, it is important to have an idea of which business industry you aspire to work and identify some of the successful people from that niche from whom you can source aspirations.
Reading biographies is an excellent way to know more about your role model and learn the skill sets that these individuals possess.

SADNESS FOR NO REASON - There is no widely accepted word to describe the feeling of “sadness for no reason,” although it’s experienced by countless people, regardless of their age group or gender. We carry the burden of countless past experiences in our subconscious, many of which can be triggered at any point, causing us to feel sad. Our brains store a ton of information and memory, so we can’t possibly know when some auditory or visual stimulation will trigger that neuronal nostalgia. At the point of a triggering moment, we aren’t aware of what memory our body is remembering, but we feel the heaviness of sadness in us. The grief can be so powerful that it may easily distract you from the activity you’re doing; it might make you overthink, become sad and lazy, or even break down and cry.

Silhouette of young woman sitting alone on back side outdoor at tropical island beach missing boyfriend and family in summer sunset. Sad and lonely concept in dark and vintage tone. - Image( AePatt Journey)
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Sadness For No Reason
Indoor shot of insecure worried young cute woman in glasses with brown hair pulling collar of sweater on nose and frowning nervously as looking scared at camera, posing anxious over gray background - Image( Cookie Studio)s
Insecurity often leads to hardship when it is time to let go 
and can induce extreme levels of self-doubt.
Why Do We Sometimes Feel Sad For No Reason?
Safa Khan  




“Life doesn’t stop at a single situation or for a single person. Life is about moving on.”


Do you ever want to sit down and cry for hours for no reason at all? Do you feel blue or broken, as though you have no interest in doing anything?
This is a situation when you feel sad for either no particular reason or many reasons!
The bottom line is sadness is addictive. And you need to save yourself from this addiction! 
We often feel sad, but do nothing about it, since we think that we deserve bad things and indulge ourselves in thinking about things we cannot change.
Does this sadness have a term for it?
No.
To date, there is no widely accepted word to describe the feeling of “sadness for no reason”, although it’s experienced by countless people, regardless of their age group or gender.
However, there is a term that can sum up this sadness in a word: Hypophrenia, which is defined as a “vague feeling of sadness without any cause.”
The problem is that the scientific-medical definition of Hypophrenia roughly means “mentally retarded,” which has a negative cultural connotation that isn’t directly related to the symptoms being described here. 
So, just as there is no defined reason for this sadness, there’s no fixed term for this sadness either!
If we feel sad for no reason, can there still be a reason behind it?
We often don’t realise that we carry the burden of countless past experiences in our subconscious, many of which can be triggered at any point, causing us to feel sad.
Our brains store a ton of information and memory, so we can’t possibly know when some auditory or visual stimulation will trigger that neuronal nostalgia.
At the point of a triggering moment, we aren’t aware of what memory our body is remembering, but we feel the heaviness of sadness in us.
The grief can be so powerful that it may easily distract you from the activity you’re doing; it might make you overthink, become sad and lazy, or even break down and cry.
Not knowing where this sadness is coming from can be extremely exhausting.
What are the types of experiences that can trigger this sadness?
There can be many types of experiences that are subjective to everyone. People often connect their sadness to other people and try to find their happiness in others.
They become so dependent on another individual that they forget they have a life of their own! This dependence is a common cause of disappointment and pain.
Trust takes years to build, but only seconds to break. When your trust is broken by someone very close to you or someone you’re in a relationship with, it becomes difficult for you to trust anyone else after that.
You develop “trust issues”, which stop you from believing what people say.
Having trust issues is not a small problem that you can keep within yourself. You need to maintain a balance of trusting people, as well as knowing who to trust.
We may also develop a feeling of sincere regret. We regret trusting the person and wish that we could have known their intentions from the very beginning. 
Wouldn’t it be nice to watch a trailer of someone’s purpose in our lives before getting to know them? Our life would be so much simpler that way!
Regrets are carried within us for things that we have done, as well as the harm that others have caused us.
We may even get to the point of feeling that we deserve this sadness, as though we’re only worth the sorrow, but nothing else. You tend to lead yourself into loneliness, alienation and isolation. 
At this stage, you might want to stay away from people, abandon social media, and choose to stay in bed at home for days! When you feel that there’s no point in getting close to others since they will only leave. 
There’s a feeling of emptiness in you that won’t go away, no matter how hard you try. Whether you’re with people or not, you still feel alone, self-absorbed and insulated from commitments.
You may feel as if no one makes you a priority, no one needs you, and even if they do, they will only leave you eventually. It’s not reality talking to you, but your head! 
If you’re sensitive and take everything to your heart, you may always worry and overthink what others tell you, think about you or say about you!
Do you believe that, since everyone has someone better in their lives, they don’t need you? DON’T FALL FOR IT. 
If you’re an empathetic person, you’re more likely to feel sad, since you so often put yourself in other people’s shoes. You think about your pain, and what others are going through.
When you are so invested in helping others, you often mask your feelings and stop considering your mental health.
You may feel this sadness and keep it all to yourself, without letting it out to anyone, because your overthinking brain kicks in and tells you that “you will bother/annoy them with your problems.”
Other reasons that cause such sadness in you include traumatic experiences, many of which start in childhood but may keep triggering you.
An unlikely past event can also make you sad, such as abusive relations, loss of someone very close to you; this can make you feel depressed for a long time.
The grief, the memories you carry within yourself, can be triggered at any time. Sadness is also felt when you carry guilt in your heart about something.
When you know that you have done something terrible, and can’t go back to change what has happened, there is a certain sadness that makes you feel angry at yourself? It makes you blame yourself for every painful aspect of your life.
Sadness also depends on perception. A breakup might affect someone so much that they might want to take their own life, whereas someone else might cope with it and move on.
Perception refers to how much you let the situation affect you, whether the case dominates your emotions or if you control the situation and feelings.
Social factors like your parents, peers and even broader society put various restrictions on you, which can make you feel sad and controlled by other forces. Authority and forceful restrictions do affect mental health.
Sadness is also affected by the people you surround yourself with. When you’re with toxic and pessimistic people, they will spread their negativity to you. You need to stay away from such people!
How do Gender and Age affect sadness?
Sadness can also be caused by various hormonal changes, especially in females, when they go through their menstrual cycle or menopause.
This causes changes in their mood, often making them feel sad. When this gets more serious, it leads to PMS Depression.
Men often feel sadness, but many believe that they need to embody “manhood” and therefore can’t cry in front of people.
This is why they mask their emotions and keep it all to themselves, which opens them up to be triggered later. Low dopamine and serotonin levels will similarly cause us to feel sad.
Age is yet another factor behind sadness; for example, in adolescence and old age, depression is more visible and unpredictable.
People in their late adulthood often need high levels of support, care and company, just like an infant. That’s when sadness can kick in due to the lack of support and necessary care.
The side effects of certain medicines or drugs, alcohol consumption, or tranquillisers can just as readily influence sadness.
Conclusion
After identifying the various reasons behind sadness, we can conclude that despite the moments that we feel sad for no reason, there is typically a memory or experience that triggers us, leading to the state of sadness.
The way to cope with this is to talk to a professional or seek catharsis — the discharge of emotional tension and releasing what is bottled up inside.
“Working through” is another process where you can talk about your issue to someone else. They can then repeat and elaborate on what you’ve said to achieve a better state of mental health. Knowing who you can trust and who you should avoid is gravely important. 
Don’t let your insecurities and penchant for overthinking control you. Try to forget or distract yourself if you find yourself overthinking about the past. It is in the past for a reason, and cannot be changed.
What can be changed is the future, which will depend on how you lead your life. Try your best to be positive and surround yourself with people who are right for your mental health.
The essential step to happiness is to learn and accept yourself the way you are. Life is a test and a challenge, and you will inevitably face loss and rejection. No one is promised a smooth ride through existence.
However, never forget, “Life doesn’t stop at a single situation or for a single person. Life is about moving on.”
Safa is an undergraduate from St. Xavier’s College, India, pursuing a Bachelor of Arts (Psychology) degree. She likes to sing, dance and play the harmonium and guitar. She has performed in events at various international locations. She likes to read about human psychology and aspires to become a psychologist.

Thoughtful girl sitting on sill embracing knees looking at window, sad depressed teenager spending time alone at home. (fizkes)s
Once you’re used to being sad, it seems that sorrow pulls you in even deeper. 

insecurity
A cocktail of psychological dilemmas 
burden the mind and body equally 
Silhouette of young woman sitting alone on back side outdoor at tropical island beach missing boyfriend and family in summer sunset. Sad and lonely concept in dark and vintage tone. - Image( AePatt Journey)
Is there a reason behind such sadness?