BLOOD DIAMONDS - The human cost of mining diamonds claims hundreds of lives, contributes to poverty, and causes environmental devastation. And that "high price" of mining also wreaked havoc in the market around the turn of the 21st century — especially once consumers learned the sales of black market diamonds were funding terrorist militia groups. People didn't want to buy these "blood diamonds."

Illegal miners in South Africa risk death for a share of the diamonds that shaped the continent's biggest economy. In sparsely populated Namaqualand, diamond giant De Beers was once the top employer, but its mines were closed in 2008. 

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Blood Diamonds

The True Story of Blood Diamonds

BY DIANA BROWN

Diamonds were a girl's best friend long before Marilyn Monroe sang that iconic number in the 1953 flick "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes."

But diamonds haven't always been the status symbol of love that we think of today.

In the 1930s, the diamond market had been experiencing declining sales.

Due to post World War I austerity, the stones were seen by many as frivolous purchases - money down the drain.

But then, something changed - and changed the world forever.

Stuff They Don't Want You To Know hosts Ben Bowlin and Matt Frederick discuss what sparked that change with BrainStuff's Lauren Vogelbaum, and the three examine the often-grisly history of the stones so beloved by brides in "Diamonds: The Conspiracy."

Before 1870, most diamonds were mined in India and South America, and they were pretty rare. Only kings or queens had them; they just weren't for "regular" people.

But then, a huge deposit of diamonds was discovered in South Africa.

That's when British imperialist, Cecil Rhodes, moved in and started buying up all the property he could, including a farm owned by two brothers named de Beer.

Several owners of smaller diamond mines joined up with the owners of larger mines to create a consortium called the De Beers Consolidated Mines, led by Cecil Rhodes.

By 1888, Rhodes controlled the entire South African diamond supply.

But with control over so many diamonds, they worried about flooding the market, making the price too cheap to be worth the expense of mining them.

So Rhodes controlled the supply by creating intermediaries to buy the uncut diamonds from the De Beers company, send them on to cutters and polishers, and from there on to retail jewelers to sell.

De Beers controlled every step of the sale and distribution of the gems, and was able to decide how many diamonds to release, as well as set its own price points that had to be met worldwide, regardless of a jeweler's association with the De Beers diamond cartel.

That took care of the supply, but how about the demand? The diamond engagement ring wasn't even a tradition in any country before De Beers got into the diamond business.

The company hired New York ad agency N.W. Ayer to basically create demand for diamonds, which they did admirably, thanks to a copywriter named Mary Frances Gerety.

Since diamonds had no physical value, Gerety assigned them emotional value.

Suddenly, men didn't love their ladies if they didn't give them a huge diamond to signify the strength of their feelings.

That's because in 1947, Gerety wrote the famed ad slogan "A Diamond is Forever," acknowledged today to be the greatest slogan in a century and studied even now in advertising classes.

Thanks to Gerety and the Ayer ad agency, 75 percent of brides wears a diamond ring on her finger.

De Beers has been challenged many times, like when a mine was discovered in Siberia in 1955.

Instead of trying to compete with the new mine, De Beers offered to buy its supply, to incorporate it into the company's already-existing structures.

These diamonds were a lot smaller than what the market wanted to buy, having always been told that the bigger, the better, but De Beers fixed that by creating the four C's system — clarity, carat, cut and color —so even smaller diamonds could cost as much as larger ones if they were "higher quality."

Eventually, the De Beers monopoly came to an end, and today diamond prices are driven by supply and demand.

But the industry is still plagued with corruption.

The human cost of mining diamonds claims hundreds of lives, contributes to poverty, and causes environmental devastation.

And that "high price" of mining also wreaked havoc in the market around the turn of the 21st century — especially once consumers learned the sales of black market diamonds were funding terrorist militia groups.

People didn't want to buy these "blood diamonds," so the Kimberley Process was established 2000 as a sort of passport system for diamonds.

It now indicates all stones countries of origin and ensures that no money generated by their sales will fund militia groups.

Unfortunately, the Kimberley Process can't regulate or prevent the numerous human rights violations inherent in the diamond trade, including child labor, worker exploitation and even death.

To hear more about the entire history of the diamond trade, including what's going on today, you'll have to listen to the entire podcast. (It's worth a listen just to hear Ben's Leonardo DiCaprio impression.)

Diana Brown

@dianamiteboom

Diana Brown is a freelance writer for HowStuffWorks and writes mostly for about our podcast Stuff They Don't Want You to Know. She has a B.A. in theater and a minor in creative writing from Georgia State University, and is a writer, performer, and producer of comedy and theater at the nonprofit Twinhead Theatre in Atlanta, where she's executive director. Diana also organizes the annual Atlanta Fringe Festival, where indie, underground and original theater companies showcase their work. She likes reading, cheese and dogs.

https://money.howstuffworks.com/true-story-blood-diamonds.htm

AIRLINE PILOTS AND TURBULENCE - If you've ever been on an airline flight, you've most likely heard the public-address system give off that little ding, followed by a flight attendant informing you that the captain is asking passengers to get back in their seats and put on their safety belts. They have multiple sources of information that they can rely on in predicting turbulence, and in many cases, they're able to minimize its effects or even avoid a turbulent area of the sky completely.

What tools do airline pilots use to predict upcoming bumpy air? 

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Airline Pilots And Turbulence

Pilots have onboard equipment to track weather,  but they 
also rely on reports from air traffic control and other pilots in the region.

How Do Airline Pilots Know Turbulence Is Coming Up? 

BY PATRICK J. KIGER

 

Hopefully, you'll never be on a plane that's caught in an unexpected stretch of severe turbulence, such as a recent ill-fated Aeroflot flight from Moscow to Bangkok, in which at least 27 passengers reportedly suffered injuries that included broken bones.

Most turbulence incidents aren't anywhere near that severe or dangerous.

The Federal Aviation Administration recently reported 44 injuries due to turbulence in 2016.

That's not a lot, when you consider that 932 million passengers flew on domestic airline flights that year.

According to a USA Today analysis of the data, aside from a passenger who suffered a fractured vertebra on one flight, most serious injuries were sustained by flight attendants who were thrown around while they were standing.

One reason why there are relatively few turbulence injuries, undoubtedly, is that airline pilots are pretty good at figuring out in advance that turbulence is coming up, and then warning passengers ahead of time.

If you've ever been on an airline flight, you've most likely heard the public-address system give off that little ding, followed by a flight attendant informing you that the captain is asking passengers to get back in their seats and put on their safety belts.

So how do pilots predict that the air is about to get bumpy?

They have multiple sources of information that they can rely on in predicting turbulence, and in many cases, they're able to minimize its effects or even avoid a turbulent area of the sky completely, according to Ron Carr.

He's a veteran U.S. Air Force pilot who went on to fly for American Airlines for 16 years, and now is an associate professor in the department of aeronautical science at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

Carr explains that there actually are three types of bumpy air that airliners encounter.

The first is convective turbulence, the sort that occurs when a thunderstorm generates powerful up and down drafts of air.

There's also mountain wave turbulence, which is caused when air flows over the tops of mountains and creates waves, the way that waves in the ocean will break due to an underwater reef.

Finally, there's something called clear air turbulence, which is created when a mass of warm air collides with a cold-air mass.

Carr says that measures to avoid a rough ride actually start on the ground before takeoff, where dispatchers and meteorologists work together to come up with the smoothest, safest route for a flight based on what they know is going on in the atmosphere at the time, and what's predicted to happen.

Once a plane is in the air, the flight crew has a weather radar display in the cockpit to provide the latest info on conditions ahead. "Thunderstorms are going to generate turbulence - no doubt about that," Carr says. "They can pretty well predict those."

The image on the screen is displayed in three colors that show the amount of precipitation, a good indicator of convective turbulence.

Green indicates light to moderate turbulence, yellow shows an area where it's likely to be rougher, and red signifies areas that should be avoided.

Normally, pilots will deal with thunderstorms by simply altering their route to avoid them, but sometimes, when multiple storms are lined up in a row and a course deviation would require too much fuel, a pilot may pick the weakest storm area to fly through.

In those instances, the passengers are going to be advised to return to their seats and buckle up.

It's possible to anticipate mountain wave turbulence as well.

There are charts and maps that predict it, and when flying near a mountain range such as the Rockies, a pilot also can look out the window and study the cloud formations — the presence of lens-shaped lenticular clouds at the plane's altitude, for example, is a tipoff that a bouncy ride could be ahead.

Clear air turbulence — the sort that apparently banged the Aeroflot plane around — is more difficult to predict.

Weather charts can show where air masses of different temperatures might collide, but as Carr says, "it's not an exact science."

That's why flight crews also rely on warnings from other pilots who've recently flown in an area.

In some cases, they actually may hear warning over the radio from a plane that's ahead of them.

More often, they rely upon pilot reports — PIREPS, in aviation lingo — that are made to air traffic control, which then relays the information to whomever is flying into an area with turbulence.

According to Carr, pilots may get turbulence warnings anywhere from five to 10 minutes in advance if they're listening to a plane ahead of them, and up to 20 minutes in advance if the notifications are coming from air traffic controllers.

That often gives pilots a chance to request permission to make a maneuver to avoid the worst of the turbulence, such as deviating from course to the left or right, or ascending or descending in altitude.

Afterward, they can request permission to return to their original track.

But even with those maneuvers, a plane may still encounter some bumpiness.

And that's why passengers hear that instruction to buckle up. "If we're expecting any turbulence at all, or even the slightest chance, we're going to get the flight attendants seated and the passengers belted," Carr says.

And it's important to follow those instructions.

Turbulence isn't necessarily a danger to the aircraft, since modern planes are designed for resilience, and pilots can slow down to reduce the effect of the forces to which they're subjected.

But it can be a danger to passengers who aren't strapped in, Carr says.

"Most injuries in turbulent conditions are because people are caught without seatbelts," he says.

"Just leave it on. It would save a lot of injuries if people did that. If you're not strapped in, you're going to take some real quick flying lessons. And then when gravity takes over, that's going to hurt."

NOW, THAT'S INTERESTING

According to a 2016 study by Paul D. Williams, an associate professor in the meteorology department at the University of Reading, clear air turbulence could increase significantly in the future because of climate change.

Patrick J. Kiger has written for HowStuffWorks since 2008 covering a wide array of topics, from history and politics to pop culture and technology. He worked as a newspaper reporter for the Pittsburgh Press, and the Orange County Register in California, where he covered one of the biggest serial murder cases in U.S. history, and also as a staff writer at Baltimore Magazine. As a freelancer, Patrick has written for print publications such as GQ, Mother Jones and the Los Angeles Times, and on the web for National Geographic Channel, Discovery News, Science Channel and Fast Company, among others. In recent years, he's become increasingly interested in how technological advances are altering urban life and the design of cities, and has written extensively on that subject for Urban Land magazine. In his spare time, Patrick is a longtime martial arts student and a fan of crime fiction, punk rock and classic Hollywood films.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/airline-pilots-predict-turbulence.htm

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The most reliable strategy for safety during turbulence may be the simplest: buckle up!

PROSTATE CANCER - Lower Your PSA Count - the letters stand for prostate-specific antigen, a substance produced by the prostate, a walnut-sized reproductive gland that often is a source of health problems for middle-aged and older males. It's normal for a small amount of PSA to be found in the blood, but a higher-than-normal level can indicate one of a variety of unpleasant woes -- a prostate infection, inflammation, enlargement, or, in the worst case scenario, cancer. A high PSA score doesn't always indicate the presence of a malignant growth, and conversely, prostate cancer has been found in men who have normal PSA levels. But generally, if there's something wrong with the prostate that requires further testing, the PSA score will reveal that problem.

..............................

Prostate Cancer

5 Ways to Lower Your PSA Count

BY PATRICK J. KIGER

Mention the acronym PSA to a man over 50, and you may see him cringe a little.

That's because the letters stand for prostate-specific antigen, a substance produced by the prostate, a walnut-sized reproductive gland that often is a source of health problems for middle-aged and older males.

When a man in that age group goes to the doctor for a prostate checkup, he's generally given a blood test to determine the amount of PSA in his bloodstream.

It's normal for a small amount of PSA to be found in the blood, but a higher-than-normal level can indicate one of a variety of unpleasant woes -- a prostate infection, inflammation, enlargement, or, in the worst case scenario, cancer [source: Mayo Clinic].

A high PSA score doesn't always indicate the presence of a malignant growth, and conversely, prostate cancer has been found in men who have normal PSA levels.

But generally, if there's something wrong with the prostate that requires further testing, the PSA score will reveal that problem. Doctors continue to monitor PSA levels in men who've been treated for prostate cancer to watch for clues that it may have returned [source: National Cancer Institute].

While no man wants to have an abnormally high PSA count, whatever the cause, it's important to remember that the PSA count is an indicator of problems, not the cause of them.

The best way to avoid a bad test score is to have a healthy prostate. While age-related changes in the body and heredity are factors in prostate health, lifestyle and diet also play significant roles.

By making some relatively painless changes in how you live, you can maximize your chances of having a healthy prostate and a low PSA score. Here are five suggestions from experts.

5  Eat Less Meat and Cut Out Fat

You probably like cheeseburgers as much as the next guy, but in truth, your prostate would prefer you eat a nice salad with low-fat dressing.

According to Dr. Neal Barnard, a professor at George Washington University Medical School and founder of the group Physicians for Responsible Medicine, changing your diet can help prevent prostate problems.

That's because prostate enlargement is driven by hormones, whose production is influenced by what you eat.

Research has shown that daily meat consumption triples the risk of prostate enlargement, and regular milk consumption doubles it.

That's why Asian countries that are beginning to adopt the Western diet reportedly are seeing more and more men with prostate problems.

Even worse, the hormones triggered by eating a lot of animal-based foods and consuming a lot of fat also help stimulate the growth of cancer cells.

As Dr. Barnard notes, a man from Sweden, where meat consumption is high, is twice as likely to have cancerous cells in his prostate at age 45 as a man from Hong Kong, where people eat less meat and more vegetables.

The Swedish man is also eight times more likely to die of prostate cancer.

There's even evidence that a vegan diet can help slow and control prostate cancer in those who already have it.

A 2002 study by physician and nutrition researcher Dr. Dean Ornish found that prostate cancer patients who switched to a low-fat vegan diet actually saw their PSA levels decrease from 6.3 to 5.8 over a three-month period, and none required additional medical treatment.

That's why Dr. Barnard concludes that "a diet built from plant foods is a man's best defense against developing prostate cancer" [source: Barnard].

4  Eat Tomatoes, Particularly Cooked Tomato

Cutting out meat is a tough one for a lot of guys, but this one will be easier, we promise.

Everybody likes a juicy slice of fresh tomato on a sandwich or salad, right? Marinara sauce on pasta is tasty, too.

And then there's ketchup. Both tomatoes and tomato-based foods are good for prostate health, according to Dr. Barnard, because they contain lycopene, a powerful antioxidant.

One Harvard University study showed that men consuming 10 or more servings of tomatoes or tomato-based foods -- such as ketchup or pasta sauce -- had a 35 percent reduction in prostate cancer risk. Cooking tomatoes actually helps release the lycopene from the tomato cells, increasing your body's ability to utilize them [source: Barnard].

Research also suggests that lycopene may even be able to reduce the PSA count in men with advanced prostate cancer who have their testicles removed as a lifesaving measure.

A study published in the British Journal of Urology International in 2003 found that surgery patients who took 4 milligrams of lycopene had 65 percent lower PSA levels than those who only had the surgery.

After two years, PSA levels in the group that received lycopene had fallen into the normal range, while those who only got surgery still had PSA levels more than twice the upper limit of normal.

Additionally, the surgery patients who took lycopene had an 87 percent survival rate over a two-year period compared to 78 percent for the control group, a small but statistically significant difference [source: Bastyrcenter.org].

3  Get More Exercise

A 2005 study of 93 prostate cancer patients by University of California-San Francisco and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center found that a group who switched to a healthier diet and followed a regimen of moderate aerobic exercise, yoga and meditation were able to lower their PSA levels over a one-year period, while those who didn't make those lifestyle changes saw their levels rise.

Seventy percent of the exercisers who ate right also saw the growth of their tumors inhibited, versus 8 percent of the control group.

None of the lifestyle-change subjects had any other treatment for cancer, while some members of the control group needed surgery, radiation or chemotheraphy because their disease had progressed.

Patients in the lifestyle-change group also reported marked improvements in quality of life, according to researchers [source: University of California-San Francisco].

It's not clear exactly how much more aerobic exercise helps to improve prostate health. The Mayo Clinic, however, notes that doing aerobics is an important tool in controlling weight problems, and weight problems may stimulate hormone production that causes prostate woes [source: Mayo Clinic].

Yoga and meditation, however, seem to be beneficial because they help reduce stress; stress can trigger production of hormones that harm the prostate.

2  Take Aspirin

You've already heard that regular use of aspirin can help protect you against heart problems.

But a study published in 2008 by Vanderbilt University researchers also suggests that aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) lower PSA levels, especially among men who have prostate cancer.

The study, in which the researchers looked at 1,277 patients and referred to urologists for prostate biosies, found that those who used aspirin had PSA levels that were 9 percent lower than those who didn't use the over-the-counter pain reliever.

The researchers found that aspirin didn't seem to have an effect on prostate enlargement, but instead apparently did something to hinder development of the cancer [source: Science Daily].

Previous studies also show that use of aspirin and other NSAIDs is linked to a lower risk of developing prostate cancer.

A study published in 2003 by Mayo Clinic researchers, who followed 1,362 men between ages 50 and 79 over a 66-month period, found that those who used NSAIDs regularly had half as much likelihood of developing prostate cancer as those who did not.

The benefits seemed to be the greatest for the oldest patients in the study. The researchers could not explain why NSAIDs seemed to reduce prostate cancer risk, but their findings give men who are considering taking aspirin to protect their hearts an additional incentive [source: Reuters].

1  Drink Pomegranate Juice

It's unfortunate that the pomegranate isn't a diet staple of the typical American man because an increasing amount of research suggests that pomegranate juice may help fight prostate cancer.

The deep-red, sweet drink is rich in phytochemicals; in laboratory studies, phytochemicals have been shown to inhibit cancer growth and spread [source: Harvard Men's Health Watch, National Cancer Institute].

According to the National Cancer Institute's Web site, UCLA researchers currently are studying pomegranate juice as a way to slow or reverse PSA levels in men who've already been treated for prostate cancer and are trying to prevent its return.

A phase II trial already has found that daily consumption of pomegranate juice resulted in a significant lengthening of the PSA doubling time, a measure that is a predictor of cancer progression and mortality. The scientists are now conducting a large-scale, Phase III study to verify their early findings [source: National Cancer Institute].

A daily glass of the crimson stuff may also be good for other things besides your prostate.

The Harvard Men's Health Watch newsletter reported in 2007 that both animal and human studies suggest that pomegranate juice may help fight cardiovascular disease by preventing LDL -- the "bad cholesterol" -- from damaging your blood vessels, and by slowing the development of plaques in mice with atherosclerosis.

Clinical studies also suggest that it may improve cardiac blood flow. But research also suggests that it may interfere with certain medications, so be sure to talk about that with your doctor [source: Harvard Men's Health Watch].

 

Patrick Kiger 

@patrickjkiger

Patrick J. Kiger has written for HowStuffWorks since 2008 covering a wide array of topics, from history and politics to pop culture and technology. He worked as a newspaper reporter for the Pittsburgh Press, and the Orange County Register in California, where he covered one of the biggest serial murder cases in U.S. history, and also as a staff writer at Baltimore Magazine. As a freelancer, Patrick has written for print publications such as GQ, Mother Jones and the Los Angeles Times, and on the web for National Geographic Channel, Discovery News, Science Channel and Fast Company, among others. In recent years, he's become increasingly interested in how technological advances are altering urban life and the design of cities, and has written extensively on that subject for Urban Land magazine. In his spare time, Patrick is a longtime martial arts student and a fan of crime fiction, punk rock and classic Hollywood films.

https://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/men/health-tips/5-ways-to-lower-your-psa-count.htm

LASERS - The name LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is is a device that emits a beam of light through a process called optical amplification. It distinguishes itself from other sources of light by emitting light in a spatially and temporally coherent manner. Spatial coherence keeps the beam within a narrow and tight path over long distances. This allows the energy generated to be used in applications such as laser cutting and laser pointing.

Argon laser emitting gases in test laboratory.

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Lasers

A Brief History of Lasers

Inventors and Advances in Laser technology

by Mary Bellis

The name LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

It is is a device that emits a beam of light through a process called optical amplification.

It distinguishes itself from other sources of light by emitting light in a spatially and temporally coherent manner.

Spatial coherence keeps the beam within a narrow and tight path over long distances. This allows the energy generated to be used in applications such as laser cutting and laser pointing.

Having temporal coherence means that can emit light within a narrow spectrum to generate a light beam of a specific color.

In 1917, Albert Einstein first theorized about the process which makes lasers possible called "Stimulated Emission."

He detailed his theory in a paper titled Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation).

Today, lasers are used in a wide range of technologies including optical disk drives, laser printers and barcode scanners.

They are also used in laser surgery and skin treatments as well as cutting and welding.

Before the Laser

In 1954, Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invented the maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) using ammonia gas and microwave radiation.

The maser was invented before the (optical) laser. The technology is very similar but does not use visible light.

On March 24, 1959, Townes and Schawlow were granted a patent for the maser. The maser was used to amplify radio signals and as an ultra sensitive detector for space research.

In 1958, Townes and Schawlow theorized and published papers about a visible laser, an invention that would use infrared and/or visible spectrum light. However, they did not proceed with any research at the time.

Many different materials can be used as lasers. Some, like the ruby laser, emit short pulses of laser light. Others, like helium-neon gas lasers or liquid dye lasers, emit a continuous beam of light..

The Ruby Laser

In 1960, Theodore Maiman invented the ruby laser considered to be the first successful optical or light laser.

Many historians claim that Maiman invented the first optical laser.

However, there is some controversy due to claims that Gordon Gould was the first and there is good evidence backing that claim.

The Gordon Gould Laser

Gould was the first person to use the word "laser."

Gould was a doctoral student at Columbia University under Townes, the inventor of the maser.

Gould was inspired to build his optical laser starting in 1958. He failed to file for a patent his invention until 1959.

As a result, Gould's patent was refused and his technology was exploited by others.

It took until 1977 for Gould to finally win his patent war and receive his first patent for the laser.

The Gas Laser

The first gas laser (helium-neon) was invented by Ali Javan in 1960.

The gas laser was the first continuous-light laser and the first to operate "on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser light output." It has been used in many practical applications.

Hall's Semiconductor Injection Laser

In 1962, inventor Robert Hall created a revolutionary type of laser that is still used in many of the electronic appliances and communications systems that we use every day.

Patel's Carbon Dioxide Laser

The carbon dioxide laser was invented by Kumar Patel in 1964.

Walker's Laser Telemetry

Hildreth Walker invented laser telemetry and targeting systems.

Laser Eye Surgery

New York City ophthalmologist Steven Trokel made the connection to the cornea and performed the first laser surgery on a patient's eyes in 1987.

The next ten years were spent perfecting the equipment and the techniques used in laser eye surgery.

In 1996, the first Excimer laser for ophthalmic refractive use was approved in the United States.

Trokel patented the Excimer laser for vision correction. The Excimer laser was originally used for etching silicone computer chips in the 1970s.

Working in the IBM research laboratories in 1982, Rangaswamy Srinivasin, James Wynne and Samuel Blum saw the potential of the Excimer laser in interacting with biological tissue. Srinivasin and the IBM team realized that you could remove tissue with a laser without causing any heat damage to the neighboring material.

But it took the observations of Dr. Fyodorov in a case of eye trauma in the 1970's to bring about the practical application of refractive surgery through radial keratotomy.

Mary Bellis has been writing about inventors since 1997. She also loves to tinker (invent) and spends too much time in her workshop developing her ideas.

Experience

Forbes Best of the Web credits Mary for creating the number one online destination for information about inventors and inventions. Her writing has been reprinted and referenced to in numerous educational books and articles. Her opinion and advice is requested by media outlets on a constant basis. In addition, she has produced and directed a number of films, including a documentary on Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, and has worked as a curator specializing in computer generated art.

Education

Mary has two degrees in film and animation from the San Francisco Art Institute. She is a big fan of both history and technology and an avid reader of books and periodicals on those topics.

Mary Bellis

I have a passion for inventing and a deep respect for all inventors. I know firsthand the difficulties that inventors face and I want to help by making the path from idea to marketplace a clearer process.

https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-lasers-1992085

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Ultraviolet Disinfection 

ULTRA VIOLET BACTERICIDAL LAMPS : Trojan, Sterilite, Wonderlite 
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