Puricare Industrial Enterprises: December 2020

Thursday, December 31, 2020

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE - There are many different physical characteristics of solid waste. In order to identify the exact characteristics of municipal wastes, it is necessary that we analyze those using physical, chemical and biological parameters. Information and data on the physical characteristics of solid wastes are important for the selection and operation of equipment and for the analysis and design of disposal facilities. Density of solid waste, i.e., its mass per unit volume (kg/m3), is a critical factor in the design of a SWM system, e.g., the design of sanitary landfills, storage, types of collection and transport vehicles, etc. Usually it refers to un-compacted waste. To explain, an efficient operation of a landfill demands compaction of wastes to optimum density. Any normal compaction equipment can achieve reduction in volume of wastes by 75%, which increases an initial density of 100 kg/m3 to 400 kg/m3. In other words, a waste collection vehicle can haul four times the weight of waste in its compacted state than when it is un-compacted. A high initial density of waste precludes the achievement of a high compaction ratio and the compaction ratio achieved is no greater than 1.5:1. Significant changes in density occur spontaneously as the waste moves from source to disposal, due to scavenging, handling, wetting and drying by the weather, vibration in the collection vehicle and decomposition.

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Physical Characteristics of Solid Waste

By: Haseeb Jamal

There are many different physical characteristics of solid waste.

In order to identify the exact characteristics of municipal wastes, it is necessary that we analyze those using physical, chemical and biological parameters which are discussed below:

Physical Characteristics of Solid Waste

Information and data on the physical characteristics of solid wastes are important for the selection and operation of equipment and for the analysis and design of disposal facilities.

The required information and data include the following:

1.Density

2.Moisture Content

3.Particle size & distribution

4.Field Capacity

5.Permeability of compacted wastes

Density

Density of solid waste, i.e., its mass per unit volume (kg/m3), is a critical factor in the design of a SWM system, e.g., the design of sanitary landfills, storage, types of collection and transport vehicles, etc.

Usually it refers to un-compacted waste.

To explain, an efficient operation of a landfill demands compaction of wastes to optimum density.

Any normal compaction equipment can achieve reduction in volume of wastes by 75%, which increases an initial density of 100 kg/m3 to 400 kg/m3.

In other words, a waste collection vehicle can haul four times the weight of waste in its compacted state than when it is un-compacted.

A high initial density of waste precludes the achievement of a high compaction ratio and the compaction ratio achieved is no greater than 1.5:1.

Significant changes in density occur spontaneously as the waste moves from source to disposal, due to scavenging, handling, wetting and drying by the weather, vibration in the collection vehicle and decomposition.

Note that:

o the effect of increasing the moisture content of the waste is detrimental in the sense that dry density decreases at higher moisture levels;

o soil-cover plays an important role in containing the waste and is one of the important Physical Characteristics of Solid Waste;

o there is an upper limit to the density, and the conservative estimate of in-place density for waste in a sanitary landfill is about 600 to 1200 kg/m3.

It varies with geographic location, season of the year, and length of time in storage.

Range and typical values of density for various components of solid waste are presented in table 1 below.

Components	Density Range (kg/m³)	Typical (kg/m³)
Food wastes	130-480	290
Paper	40-130	89
Plastics	40-130	64
Yard waste	65-225	100
Glass	160-480	194
Tin cans	50-160	89
Aluminum	65-240	160

Typical density values during different stages of municipal solid waste (MSW) i.e. at the point of generation or storage of solid waste, into collection vehicle, transformed into bales for their final disposal to land fill site are presented in Table 2.

Condition	Density (kg/m³)
Loose MSW, no processing or compaction	90-150
In compaction truck	355-530
Baled MSW	710-825
MSW in a compacted landfill (without cover)	440-740

Moisture Content of Solid Waste

Moisture content is defined as the ratio of the weight of water (wet weight - dry weight) to the total weight of the wet waste.

It is one of the important physical characteristics of solid waste.

Analysis Procedure:

o Weigh the aluminum dish

o Fill the dish with SW sample and re-weigh

o Dry SW + dish in an oven for at least 24 hrs at 105°C.

o Remove the dish from the oven, allow to cool in a desiccator, and weigh.

o Record the weight of the dry SW + dish.

o Calculate the moisture content (M) of the SW sample using the equation given (Eq. 1)

Where;

M= Moisture Content in %

w=Wet Weight of the sample, grams

d=Dry weight of the sample, grams

Typical moisture content of different types of wastes is presented in the Table 3 as shown below:'

Types of waste

Moisture Content %

Range

Typical

Residential

Food wastes (mixed)

Paper

Plastics

Yard Wastes

Glass

50 - 80

4 - 10

1 - 4

30 - 80

1 - 4

Commercial

Food wastes

Rubbish (mixed)

50 - 80

10 - 25

Construction & demolition

Mixed demolition combustibles

Mixed construction combustibles

4 - 1

4 - 15

Industrial

Chemical sludge (wet)

Sawdust

Wood (mixed)

75 - 99

10 - 40

30 - 60

Agriculture

Mixed Agricultural waste

Manure (wet)

40 - 80

75 - 96

Moisture increases the weight of solid wastes, and thereby, the cost of collection and transport.

In addition, moisture content is a critical determinant in the economic feasibility of waste treatment by incineration, because wet waste consumes energy for evaporation of water and in raising the temperature of water vapor.

Generally, wastes should be insulated from rainfall or other extraneous water.

A typical range of moisture content is 20 to 40%, representing the extremes of wastes in an arid climate and in the wet season of a region of high precipitation. However, values greater than 40% are not uncommon.

Particle Size of Solid Waste

Measurement of size distribution of particles in waste stream is important characteristic of solid waste because of its significance in the design of mechanical separators and shredders.

Generally, the results of size distribution analysis are expressed in the manner used for soil particle analysis.

That is to say, they are expressed as a plot of particle size (mm) against percentage, less than a given value.

The size and distribution of the components of wastes are also important for the recovery of materials, especially when mechanical means are used, such as trammel screens and magnetic separators.

For example, ferrous items which are of a large size may be too heavy to be separated by a magnetic belt or drum system.

The size of waste components can be determined using the following equations:

Sc = LSc = (L+w)/2Sc = (L+w+h)/3

Where; Sc : size of component, mm

L : length, mm

W : width, mmh : height, mm

Field Capacity of Solid Waste

The field capacity of MSW is the total amount of moisture which can be retained in a waste sample subject to gravitational pull.

It is a critical physical characteristics of solid waste because water in excess of field capacity will form leachate, and leachate can be a major problem in landfills.

Field capacity varies with the degree of applied pressure and the state of decomposition of the wastes.

The concept of Field capacity is shown in the Figure 12.

Haseeb Jamal

I am a Civil Engineer, graduated from University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan in 2010. I also have a PG-Diploma in Disaster Management and MS in Urban Infrastructure Engineering (In Progress). My expertise include civil related softwares like AutoCAD, SAP2000, MS Project, Primavera, MS Office and GIS. My technical skills include project management, monitoring and evaluation, structural assessment, disaster risk management, Quantity survey, land survey, material testing, site management and technical writing. I am trained in writing project progress reports as well as proposals and concept papers. I have also received advanced training on surveying, proposal writing, Monitoring and Evaluation of projects as well as organizations.

I have worked as Project Engineer at National Research and Development Foundation, Peshawar and CENCON Associates. I also worked with Spectra Engineering Solutions as Senior Civil Engineer in monitoring of World Bank and UNDP funded projects all over Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA. Currently, I am working as Deputy Manager Development at NayaTel, Peshawar.

https://www.aboutcivil.org/physical-characteristics-of-solid-waste

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CHEMISTRY BEHIND SPARKLERS - Not all fireworks are created equal. For example, there is a difference between a firecracker and a sparkler: The goal of a firecracker is to create a controlled explosion; a sparkler, on the other hand, burns over a long period of time (up to a minute) and produces a brilliant shower of sparks. A sparkler consists of several substances:An oxidizer - A fuel - Iron, steel, aluminum, or other metal powder - A combustible binder - In addition to these components, colorants, and compounds also may be added to moderate the chemical reaction. Often, charcoal and sulfur are firework fuel, or sparklers may simply use the binder as the fuel. The binder is usually sugar, starch, or shellac. Potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate may be used as oxidizers. Metals are used to create the sparks. Sparkler formulae may be quite simple. For example, a sparkler may consist only of potassium perchlorate, titanium or aluminum, and dextrin. Now that you've seen the composition of a sparkler, let's consider how these chemicals react with each other. Oxidizers produce oxygen to burn the mixture. Oxidizers are usually nitrates, chlorates, or perchlorates. Nitrates are made up of a metal ion and a nitrate ion. Nitrates give up 30% of their oxygen to yield nitrites and oxygen. Chlorates are made up of a metal ion and the chlorate ion. Chlorates give up all of their oxygen, causing a more spectacular reaction. However, this also means they are explosive. Perchlorates have more oxygen in them, but are less likely to explode as a result of an impact than are chlorates. The reducing agents are the fuel used to burn the oxygen produced by the oxidizers. This combustion produces hot gas.

The Chemistry Behind Sparklers

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Not all fireworks are created equal.

For example, there is a difference between a firecracker and a sparkler: The goal of a firecracker is to create a controlled explosion; a sparkler, on the other hand, burns over a long period of time (up to a minute) and produces a brilliant shower of sparks.

Sparkler Chemistry

A sparkler consists of several substances:

· An oxidizer

· A fuel

· Iron, steel, aluminum, or other metal powder

· A combustible binder

In addition to these components, colorants, and compounds also may be added to moderate the chemical reaction.

Often, charcoal and sulfur are firework fuel, or sparklers may simply use the binder as the fuel.

The binder is usually sugar, starch, or shellac.

Potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate may be used as oxidizers.

Metals are used to create the sparks.

Sparkler formulae may be quite simple. For example, a sparkler may consist only of potassium perchlorate, titanium or aluminum, and dextrin.

Now that you've seen the composition of a sparkler, let's consider how these chemicals react with each other.

Oxidizers

Oxidizers produce oxygen to burn the mixture. Oxidizers are usually nitrates, chlorates, or perchlorates.

Nitrates are made up of a metal ion and a nitrate ion.

Nitrates give up 30% of their oxygen to yield nitrites and oxygen. The resulting equation for potassium nitrate looks like this:

2 KNO₃(solid) → 2 KNO₂(solid) +O₂(gas)

Chlorates are made up of a metal ion and the chlorate ion.

Chlorates give up all of their oxygen, causing a more spectacular reaction. However, this also means they are explosive.

An example of potassium chlorate yielding its oxygen would look like this:

2 KClO₃(solid) → 2 KCl(solid) + 3 O₂(gas)

Perchlorates have more oxygen in them, but are less likely to explode as a result of an impact than are chlorates.

Potassium perchlorate yields its oxygen in this reaction:

KClO₄(solid) → KCl(solid) + 2 O₂(gas)

Reducing Agents

The reducing agents are the fuel used to burn the oxygen produced by the oxidizers. This combustion produces hot gas.

Examples of reducing agents are sulfur and charcoal, which react with the oxygen to form sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), respectively.

Regulators

Two reducing agents may be combined to accelerate or slow the reaction.

Also, metals affect the speed of the reaction. Finer metal powders react more quickly than coarse powders or flakes.

Other substances, such as cornmeal, also may be added to regulate the reaction.

Binders

Binders hold the mixture together. For a sparkler, common binders are dextrin (a sugar) dampened by water or a shellac compound dampened by alcohol.

The binder can serve as a reducing agent and as a reaction moderator.

How Does a Sparkler Work?

Let's put it all together. A sparkler consists of a chemical mixture that is molded onto a rigid stick or wire.

These chemicals often are mixed with water to form a slurry that can be coated on a wire (by dipping) or poured into a tube.

Once the mixture dries, you have a sparkler.

Aluminum, iron, steel, zinc or magnesium dust or flakes may be used to create the bright, shimmering sparks.

The metal flakes heat up until they are incandescent and shine brightly or, at a high enough temperature, actually burn.

Sometimes sparklers are called snowballs in reference to the ball of sparks that surrounds the burning part of the sparkler.

A variety of chemicals can be added to create colors.

The fuel and oxidizer are proportioned, along with the other chemicals, so that the sparkler burns slowly rather than exploding like a firecracker.

Once one end of the sparkler is ignited, it burns progressively to the other end.

In theory, the end of the stick or wire is suitable to support it while burning.

Important Sparkler Reminders

Obviously, sparks cascading off of a burning stick present a fire and burn hazard; less obviously, sparklers contain one or more metals, so they can present a health hazard.

Sparklers should not be burned on cakes as candles or otherwise used in a manner that could lead to consumption of the ash. So, use sparklers safely and have fun!

Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Chemistry Expert

Education

Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville

B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College

Introduction

Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville - Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Science educator with experience teaching chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels.

ThoughtCo and About Education chemistry expert since 2001.

Widely-published graphic artist, responsible for printable periodic tables and other illustrations used in science.

Experience

Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D. has covered chemistry for ThoughtCo and About Education since 2001, and other sciences since 2013. She taught chemistry, biology, astronomy, and physics at the high school, college, and graduate levels. She has worked as a research scientist and also abstracting and indexing diverse scientific literature for the Department of Energy.

In addition to her work as a science writer, Dr. Helmenstine currently serves as a scientific consultant, specializing in problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Previously, she worked as a research scientist and college professor.

Education

Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and a B.A. in physics and mathematics with a minor in chemistry from Hastings College. In her doctoral work, Dr. Helmenstine developed ultra-sensitive chemical detection and medical diagnostic tests.

ThoughtCo and Dotdash

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https://www.thoughtco.com/how-do-sparklers-work-607351

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