WATER MENISCUS - A meniscus is a curve in the surface of a molecular substance when it touches another material. With water, you can think of it as when water sticks to the inside of a glass. Adhesion is responsible for a meniscus and this has to do in part with water's fairly high surface tension. Water molecules are attracted to the molecules in the wall of the glass beaker. And since water molecules like to stick together, when the molecules touching the glass cling to it, other water molecules cling to the molecules touching the glass, forming the meniscus. They'll travel up the glass as far as water's cohesive forces will allow them, until gravity prevents them from going further. Cohesion is an intermolecular attraction between like molecules. Few people take the time to consider the importance of water menisci in their lives. Water has an upward meniscus, mercury has a downward meniscus. As you can see here, a water meniscus is concave and a mercury meniscus is convex. It all depends on if the molecules of the liquid are more attracted to the outside material or to themselves. A concave meniscus, which is what you normally will see, occurs when the molecules of the liquid are attracted to those of the container. This occurs with water and a glass tube. A convex meniscus occurs when the molecules have a stronger attraction to each other than to the container, as with mercury and glass.

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Water Meniscus

U.S. Geological Survey

What is a meniscus?

A meniscus is a curve in the surface of a molecular substance (water, of course) when it touches another material.

With water, you can think of it as when water sticks to the inside of a glass.

Why a meniscus occurs

Adhesion is responsible for a meniscus and this has to do in part with water's fairly high surface tension.

Water molecules are attracted to the molecules in the wall of the glass beaker.

And since water molecules like to stick together, when the molecules touching the glass cling to it, other water molecules cling to the molecules touching the glass, forming the meniscus.

They'll travel up the glass as far as water's cohesive forces will allow them, until gravity prevents them from going further.

Cohesion is an intermolecular attraction between like molecules (other water molecules in this case).

Sad tale of a meniscus misread

Few people take the time to consider the importance of water menisci in their lives. But, imagine this chilling scenario:

In your high-school chemistry final exam you mistakenly read a meniscus as 72 milliliters (ml) instead of the correct 66 ml (in this picture), and thus you get an 89 on the test instead of a 90.

Your GPA falls from 4.00 to 3.99 and you don't get into that engineering college program you wanted.

Consequently, you don't get that prestigious engineering job, where, 20 years later, you would have invented a new water-based chemical to allow rubber to grip better.

Sadly, 10 years later, a mother and her adorable 4-year old daughter are leaving the ice cream store and the little girl, whose shoes don't have your un-invented coating, slips on a napkin and drops her ice cream cone.

She cries at her loss ... because you misread the meniscus in the 12th grade.

The moral of this fictional tale is that it is important to read the measurement correctly, and yes, in the picture (top right) the true volume in the graduated cylinder is at the bottom of the water level — 21.7 milliliters, not 21.9.

Water has an upward meniscus, mercury has a downward meniscus.

As you can see here, a water meniscus is concave and a mercury meniscus is convex.

"Upside down" meniscus

As this picture shows, a meniscus can go up or down.

It all depends on if the molecules of the liquid are more attracted to the outside material or to themselves.

A concave meniscus, which is what you normally will see, occurs when the molecules of the liquid are attracted to those of the container.

This occurs with water and a glass tube.

A convex meniscus occurs when the molecules have a stronger attraction to each other than to the container, as with mercury and glass.

A flat meniscus occurs with water in some types of plastic tubes; tubes made out of material that water does not stick to.

In any case, you get the true volume of the liquid by reading the center of the liquid in the tube, which will the lowest vertical point of the liquid.

U.S. Geological Survey

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https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-meniscus?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects