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Submarine
principles and design
How does it work?
engineeringinsider
A submarine is a self-propelling craft that is designed to work
underwater and complete various operations.
Submarine designs can have a single or double hull system that
contains all the important systems and manpower to complete their missions.
Unlike ships, submarines travel smoothly underwater and can be
powered by nuclear reactor or fuel to propel it.
Working & Design
Principles of submarines-
The submarine works very differently than other crafts.
It operates using the principle of buoyancy by Archimedes which
says that upward buoyant force acting on a body that is fully or partially
immersed in the liquid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
body.
This buoyant force acts in the upward direction at the center of
mass of the fluid displaced.
In a submarine, the equipment is not generally mounted on the
pressure hull and elastic mounting system because it increases the vibration on
the ship.
To fit these requirements, suspended platforms and cradles are
used.
A submarine mainly consists of following components
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Pressure hull
§
Planes
§
Ballast tanks
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Engine
§
Tower
§
Navigation systems
§
Life-support systems
Apart from these components, Sonar is the system that plays the
main role in navigating the submarine. It is an eye for submarine during
underwater operations.
The main rile of some subsystems is to detect any passive or
active mode, localization, tracking and avoid any obstacle.
How does submarine work?
Using the Archimedes principles, the buoyancy is controlled on
the submarine by ballast tanks.
Submarine resting on the surface is less dense than water that
means it has positive buoyancy and it will float. In this condition, the
ballast tanks are full of air.
In order to submerge the submarine, it should be made less dense
than water, thus negative buoyancy is generated by venting out the air from the
ballast tanks.
The sea water comes in the tanks through flood ports and forces
the air out, thus submarine starts to sink.
The depth of the submarine is controlled by controlling the
ratio of water to air in the ballast tank.
Moreover, a submarine can get neutral buoyancy when its weight
is equal to the amount of water it displaces. In this case, the submarine will
neither sink nor rise.
To make the submarine rise again on the surface of the water,
air is blown into the ballast tanks, forcing seawater out, hence gaining
positive buoyancy.
How does its propelling
system work?
Nuclear submarines use steam turbines and a nuclear reactor to
provide drive in their propeller shaft.
Electric power is also used to operate the equipment; however,
batteries are used to store electric power and get charged from the diesel
engine.
A nuclear submarine has an advantage of remaining submerged for
a longer time than diesel submarines because diesel engine requires air to work
which is only available at the water surface.
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