ELECTROMAGNETS - An electromagnet is created when electrical currents flow around some ferromagnetic core. The Earth’s core is iron, and we know it has a North Pole and a South Pole. A compass always points north because the metal needle is attracted to the pull of the North Pole. There's a wide range of electromagnet applications between small, homemade science experiments and the Earth itself. Many electromagnets have an advantage over permanent magnets because they can be easily turned on and off, and increasing or decreasing the amount of electricity flowing around the core can control their strength.

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Electromagnets

How Electromagnets Work

BY MARSHALL BRAIN & LANCE LOOPER

What do a wrecking yard, a rock concert and your front door have in common? They each use electromagnets, devices that create a magnetic field through the application of electricity.

Wrecking yards employ extremely powerful electromagnets to move heavy pieces of scrap metal or even entire cars from one place to another.

Your favorite band uses electromagnets to amplify the sound coming out of its speakers.

And when someone rings your doorbell, a tiny electromagnet pulls a metal clapper against a bell.

Mechanically, an electromagnet is pretty simple.

It consists of a length of conductive wire, usually copper, wrapped around a piece of metal.

Like Frankenstein’s monster, this seems like little more than a loose collection of parts until electricity comes into the picture.

But you don’t have to wait for a storm to bring an electromagnet to life. A current is introduced, either from a battery or another source of electricity, and flows through the wire.

This creates a magnetic field around the coiled wire, magnetizing the metal as if it were a permanent magnet.

Electromagnets are useful because you can turn the magnet on and off by completing or interrupting the circuit, respectively.

Before we go too much farther, we should discuss how electromagnets differ from your run-of-the-mill "permanent" magnets, like the ones holding your Popsicle art to the fridge.

As you know, magnets have two poles, "north" and "south," and attract things made of steel, iron or some combination thereof.

Like poles repel and opposites attract (ah, the intersection of romance and physics).

For example, if you have two bar magnets with their ends marked "north" and "south," the north end of one magnet will attract the south end of the other.

On the other hand, the north end of one magnet will repel the north end of the other (and similarly, south will repel south).

An electromagnet is the same way, except it is "temporary" -- the magnetic field only exists when electric current is flowing.

The doorbell is a good example of how electromagnets can be used in applications where permanent magnets just wouldn’t make any sense.

When a guest pushes the button on your front door, the electronic circuitry inside the door bell closes an electrical loop, meaning the circuit is completed and “turned on.”

The closed circuit allows electricity to flow, creating a magnetic field and causing the clapper to become magnetized.

The hardware of most doorbells consist of a metal bell and metal clapper that, when the magnetic charges causes them to clang together, you hear the chime inside and you can answer the door.

The bell rings, the guest releases the button, the circuit opens and the doorbell stops its infernal ringing. This on-demand magnetism is what makes the electromagnet so useful.

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at electromagnets and discover how these devices take some pretty cool science and apply it to gizmos all around us that make our lives easier.

The History of Electromagnets

The relationship between electricity and magnetism wasn’t thoroughly studied until 1873 when physicist James Maxwell observed the interaction between positive and negative electrical charges [source: Mahon].

Through continued experimentation, Maxwell determined that these charges can attract or repel each other based on their orientation.

He was also the first to discover that magnets have poles, or individual points where the charge is focused.

And, important for electromagnetism, Maxwell observed that when a current passes through a wire, it generates a magnetic field around the wire.

Maxwell’s work was responsible for many of the scientific principles at work, but he wasn't the first scientist to experiment with electricity and magnetism. Nearly 50 years earlier Hans Christian Oersted found that a compass he was using reacted when a battery in his lab was switched on and off [source: Gregory].

This would only happen if there were a magnetic field present to interfere with the needle of the compass, so he deduced that a magnetic field was generated from the electricity flowing from the battery.

But Oersted gravitated toward the field of chemistry and left the research of electricity and magnetism to others [source: Mahon].

The granddaddy of electromagnetism is Michael Faraday, a chemist and physicist who architected many of the theories later built upon by Maxwell.

One reason Faraday is so much more prominent in history than Maxwell or Oersted is probably due to his being such a prolific researcher and inventor.

He is widely heralded as a pioneer in the area of electromagnetism, but he is also credited with discovering electromagnetic induction, which we will discuss later when we explore some real-world applications.

Faraday also invented the electric motor, and besides his influential work in physics he was also the very first person to be appointed the prestigious position of Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Not too shabby.

So what did the work of these men uncover? In the next section, we’ll look at how electromagnets work.

Putting the “Electro” in “Electromagnet”

Since an electrical current is required to operate an electromagnet, where does it come from?

The quick answer is that anything that produces a current can power an electromagnet.

From the small AA batteries used in your TV remote to large, industrial power stations that pull electricity directly from a grid, if it stores and transfers electrons, then it can power an electromagnet.

Let’s start with a look at how household batteries function.

Most batteries have two easily identifiable poles, a positive and a negative. When the battery isn't in use, electrons collect at the negative pole.

When the batteries are inserted into a device, the two poles come into contact with the sensors in the device, closing the circuit and allowing electrons to flow freely between the poles.

In the case of your remote, the device is designed with a load, or exit point, for the energy stored in the battery [source: Grossman].

The load puts the energy to use operating the remote control. If you were to simply connect a wire directly to each end of a battery with no load, the energy would quickly drain from the battery.

While this is happening, the moving electrons also create a magnetic field. If you take the batteries out of your remote, it will likely retain a small magnetic charge.

You couldn’t pick up a car with your remote, but maybe some small iron filings or even a paper clip.

On the other end of the spectrum is the Earth itself.

By the definition we discussed earlier, an electromagnet is created when electrical currents flow around some ferromagnetic core.

The Earth’s core is iron, and we know it has a North Pole and a South Pole. These aren't just geographical designations but actual opposing magnetic poles. 

The dynamo effect, a phenomenon that creates massive electrical currents in the iron thanks to the movement of liquid iron across the outer core, creates an electrical current.

This current generates a magnetic charge, and this natural magnetism of the Earth is what makes a compass work.

A compass always points north because the metal needle is attracted to the pull of the North Pole.

Clearly, there's a wide range of electromagnet applications between small, homemade science experiments and the Earth itself.

So, where do these devices pop up in the real world? In the next section, we’ll take a look at how our everyday lives are affected by electromagnetism.

Electromagnets All Around Us

Many electromagnets have an advantage over permanent magnets because they can be easily turned on and off, and increasing or decreasing the amount of electricity flowing around the core can control their strength.

Modern technology relies heavily on electromagnets to store information using magnetic recording devices.

When you save data to the hard drive in your computer, for example, tiny, magnetized pieces of metal are embedded onto a disk in a pattern specific to the saved information.

This data started life as binary digital computer language (0s and 1s). When you retrieve this information, the pattern is converted into the original binary pattern and translated into a usable form.

So what makes this an electromagnet? The current running through the computer’s circuitry magnetizes those tiny bits of metal.

This is the same principal used in tape recorders, VCR’s and other tape-based media (and yes, some of you still own tape decks and VCRs). This is why magnets can sometimes wreak havoc on the memories of these devices.

Electromagnets also paved the way for really harnessing the potential of electricity in the first place.

In electrical appliances, the motor moves because the current flowing from your wall socket produces a magnetic field. It’s not the electricity itself powering the motor, but the charge created by the magnet.

The force of the magnet creates rotational movement, which means they rotate around a fixed point, similar to the way a tire rotates around an axle.

So, why not skip this process and just use the outlet to power the motor in the first place? Because the current required to power an appliance is quite large.

Have you ever noticed how turning on a large appliance such as a television or a washing machine can sometimes cause the lights in your home to flicker?

This is because the appliance is drawing a lot of energy initially, but that large amount is only needed to get the motor started.

Once that happens, this cycle of electromagnetic induction takes over.

From household appliances, we're moving up to some of the most complex machinery ever built to see how electromagnets are being used to unlock the origins of the universe.

Particle accelerators are machines that propel charged particles toward one another at incredibly high speeds in order to observe what happens when they collide.

These beams of subatomic particles are very precise and controlling their trajectory is critical so they don’t go off course and damage the machinery. This is where electromagnets come in.

The magnets are positioned along the path of the colliding beams, and their magnetism is actually used to control their speed and trajectory [source: NOVA Teachers].

Not a bad resume for our friend the electromagnet, huh? From something you can create in your garage to operating the tools that scientists and engineers are using to decipher the origins of the universe, electromagnets have a pretty important role in the world around us.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htm