BIPOLAR DISORDER AND DEPRESSION - The essential feature of major depressive disorder is a period of two weeks during which there is either depressed mood most of the day nearly every day or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. Bipolar disorder also includes symptoms of mania. Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings that fluctuate between depressive lows and manic highs. A manic episode is described as a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least one week. With bipolar disorder, the mood episode is severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization to avoid self-harm. Left untreated, both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder can have a major impact on social and occupational functioning. Both include the risk of suicide.

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Bipolar Disorder and Depression

Understanding the Difference

Article by: Katie Hurley, LCSW

Bipolar disorder is easily confused with depression because it can include depressive episodes.

The main difference between the two is that depression is unipolar, meaning that there is no “up” period, but bipolar disorder includes symptoms of mania.

To differentiate between the two disorders, it helps to understand the symptoms of each one.

Symptoms of depression

The essential feature of major depressive disorder is a period of two weeks during which there is either depressed mood most of the day nearly every day or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities.

Other potential symptoms include:

Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain and changes in appetite

Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day

Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day

Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day

Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

Impaired ability to think or concentrate, and/or indecisiveness

Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a plan, or a suicide attempt or suicide plan

The symptoms of major depressive disorder cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

To meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, there should be no history of a manic episode or a hypomanic episode.

Symptoms of bipolar disorder

Although bipolar disorder can include the above depressive symptoms, it also includes symptoms of mania.

Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings that fluctuate between depressive lows and manic highs.

A manic episode is described as a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least one week.

Symptoms of mania include:

Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

Decreased need for sleep

More talkative than usual or pressure to talk

Flight of ideas, racing thoughts

Distractibility

Increase in goal-directed activity

Excessive involvement in potentially reckless activities (usually involving drugs, money, or sex)

With bipolar disorder, the mood episode is severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization to avoid self-harm.

Types of bipolar disorder

There are two types of bipolar disorder. Understanding the different types of bipolar disorder can help distinguish between bipolar disorder and depression.

Bipolar I disorder: This is diagnosed when a patient has had at least one manic episode, regardless of whether or not there has been a depressive episode.

Bipolar II disorder: This diagnosis is given when a patient has had at least one depressive episode and a period of elevated mood referred to as hypomania. Bouts of hypomania are not as extreme as mania and are shorter lived. Patients with Bipolar II tend to experience longer depressive episodes and shorter states of hypomania. Patients often seek treatment during the depressive episode, as the hypomanic symptoms might not impact functioning as much.

Cyclothymic disorder: The essential feature of cyclothymic disorder is a chronic, fluctuating mood disturbance involving numerous hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms that are distinct from each other. The hypomanic symptoms do not meet the full criteria for a hypomanic episode and the depressive symptoms do not meet the full criteria for a depressive episode.

Treatment for bipolar and depression

Left untreated, both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder can have a major impact on social and occupational functioning. Both include the risk of suicide.

The good news is that both conditions are treatable.

Combination treatment often works best in both cases. Possible treatment modalities include:

Talk therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Family therapy (involvement of family members increases success)

Medication management (including antidepressants and/or mood stabilizers)

Patients with both depression and bipolar disorder respond well to highly structured routines.

Creating a routine helps patients know what to expect and follow through with medication management independently.

Katie Hurley, LCSW is the author of  No More Mean Girls and The Happy Kid Handbook. Katie provides child and adolescent psychotherapy, family therapy, and parent education in her private practice. She is the founder of Girls Can! empowerment workshops for elementary and middle school girls, and has extensive experience working with children and adolescents with learning disabilities, anxiety and low self-esteem.

https://www.psycom.net/depression.central.bipolar.depression.html